tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-42439650300940897932024-03-05T05:39:14.320-05:00Michigan State UniversityTurf Tips & ClippingsAnonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17379505433049657627noreply@blogger.comBlogger51125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4243965030094089793.post-23096866024249309652016-03-28T15:39:00.000-04:002016-03-28T15:39:17.624-04:00View MSU Snow Mold Trials at Treetops on March 31<br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Nancy Dykema</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Research <span style="background-color: transparent;">Assistant</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">It’s snow mold time again. The Treetops snow mold trial viewing (“field day”) is set for this <strong>Thursday, March 31</strong>. We will plan to meet at the <strong>Pro Shop at Treetops/Sylvan Resort at 10 am</strong>, as in the past, and will travel as a group to the plots. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">The address to the resort is:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Treetops Resort</span><br /><span style="font-weight: normal;">3962 Wilkinson Road, Gaylord, MI 49732<br />1-888-TREETOPS (888-873-3867)</span><o:p></o:p></span></h3>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Remember, we’re meeting at the pro shop, not the main resort, but this will get you to the property if you’re using a GPS system.<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">From the Gaylord exit off I-75 (exit #282), proceed east through Gaylord on Rt 32 until you reach Chester Rd (2-3 miles east of town). Turn left (north) on Chester Rd and proceed until it dead ends on Wilkinson Rd (1-2 miles). Turn right (east) on Wilkinson Rd and proceed about 1 mile to the resort entrance on the left. The pro shop is located on the first drive on the left. Lodging is available at the resort or at various hotels in Gaylord.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">As always, be prepared for any weather conditions for the tour. Rain and cold weather gear is recommended - it is Michigan in March after all. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Feel free to bring as many associates along as you wish, but please contact Nancy Dykema ASAP with the number of people attending from your organization either by email at <a href="mailto:Dykema@msu.edu" style="color: purple;">dykema@msu.edu</a> (best method) or by calling the Vargas lab at (517) 353-9082 and leaving a message. If you RSVP by phone, please leave an email address where we can send a message if the plot tour is cancelled for some reason.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">If you have any questions, you can contact us at 517-353-9082. We looking forward to seeing you in Gaylord.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17379505433049657627noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4243965030094089793.post-16467116226752250792015-04-08T13:35:00.000-04:002015-04-08T13:35:37.058-04:00Poa annua Greens Declining?<div class="MsoNormal">
Dr. Kevin W. Frank</div>
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Michigan State University</div>
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In the last couple days I’ve received reports from several
golf course superintendents indicating that Poa annua on putting greens that
emerged from winter looking good was now declining.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It is possible that this is winterkill to the
lower region of the crown that is responsible for root initiation.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>For those of you that have Dr. Beard’s
seminal textbook, Turfgrass: Science and Culture, on the shelf turn to page
235.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In the text Dr. Beard writes about
differential low temperature tolerance between the upper portion of the Poa
annua crown, responsible for new leaf initiation, and the lower portion of the
crown, responsible for root initiation.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The upper portion of the crown has higher low temperature hardiness,
i.e. can survive at lower temperatures.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrXe1Fm9SE65VWn95Jxao5aZFKB3Foyzj9NCB0kgEdvH2ZFPrcLwsTKfk9hbVgiG7MCIqDpC6RDMh5nKy0A5uocglZJoFDWkgCe_YtwMlV4dBFRlkE14dnHWg3hyphenhyphenfCJqN71hzylaEa0ys/s1600/Majestic+OK.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrXe1Fm9SE65VWn95Jxao5aZFKB3Foyzj9NCB0kgEdvH2ZFPrcLwsTKfk9hbVgiG7MCIqDpC6RDMh5nKy0A5uocglZJoFDWkgCe_YtwMlV4dBFRlkE14dnHWg3hyphenhyphenfCJqN71hzylaEa0ys/s1600/Majestic+OK.jpg" height="240" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Green emerging from winter looking fine (March 16, 2015).</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiNCNAlKwx19gRqjAMwbwyySEKJHPBq94Es5mYtgvWVqIvhPLBXYcKwXnFxExV2qR5nQt4mqenf05t-o6tgfUPHYisl_-2oEnBRdDKlSfpgg7WE1DmcXy4OeW2Y-tPE1Lxd7gJ1iPm9bkA/s1600/Majestic+Bad.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiNCNAlKwx19gRqjAMwbwyySEKJHPBq94Es5mYtgvWVqIvhPLBXYcKwXnFxExV2qR5nQt4mqenf05t-o6tgfUPHYisl_-2oEnBRdDKlSfpgg7WE1DmcXy4OeW2Y-tPE1Lxd7gJ1iPm9bkA/s1600/Majestic+Bad.jpg" height="240" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Poa annua on same green now showing stress (April 6, 2015).</td></tr>
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Back in 2003, Dr. Beard taught the turfgrass physiology
class at MSU and I was fortunate to attend many of his lectures.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I recall Dr. Beard describing a scenario in
Detroit one spring when Poa annua emerged from winter looking just fine and in
the matter of a couple days when the temperatures warmed everything died.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He indicated that this was the result of the
lower crown suffering winterkill and although many thought the Poa was just
dying over the weekend, it was in fact already dead.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Without the ability to grow roots the Poa
annua didn’t survive long once the plant started ‘demanding’ water. Take a look at the crown, if it's white and firm all is well, if it's brown and mush it's dead. <o:p></o:p></div>
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I’m not certain that this is what happened this year or if
it’s typical freezing injury that’s the result of cold night temperatures.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Freezing injury is typical this time of year
and is especially evident on lawn height Kentucky bluegrass where the symptoms
are tanning of the leaf blade down from the tip.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Warm temperatures and rainfall in the forecast
should reveal whether or not what is being reported is indeed winterkill or
hopefully, something less significant.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkKr6qYal5jBoORfZ6S1-SqsoSKBgcRSfoV_XFepyiUBn1XfltqAfEZ7OV38W-DjlSFq1ur5KbzciCTh7PWqdSHsI6fvrFQZl1xMSpcwJWD4sFth6kUEJJbDMPufvU0oOEebo0jiR1jF8/s1600/freeze+injury+of+turf.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkKr6qYal5jBoORfZ6S1-SqsoSKBgcRSfoV_XFepyiUBn1XfltqAfEZ7OV38W-DjlSFq1ur5KbzciCTh7PWqdSHsI6fvrFQZl1xMSpcwJWD4sFth6kUEJJbDMPufvU0oOEebo0jiR1jF8/s1600/freeze+injury+of+turf.jpg" height="213" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Leaf tip freeze injury.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</span><o:p></o:p></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17379505433049657627noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4243965030094089793.post-59038427213954524292015-03-27T15:05:00.000-04:002015-03-27T15:05:31.131-04:00Winterkill Update Spring 2015<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Dr. Kevin W. Frank and Dr. Joe Vargas, Jr.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Michigan State University</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The winter of 2013-2014 produced devastating levels of
winterkill, especially in the Detroit area.
As a result of the damage experienced to Poa annua putting greens last
year golf course superintendents devised plans for this winter to reduce the
potential for winterkill including using different cover systems and in some
instances actively removing snow events to prevent any possibility of ice
forming on putting greens. Despite
all of these efforts it appears that once again this spring Poa annua putting
greens have been damaged. Although the
damage I’ve observed this year doesn’t appear at this time to be as severe as
in 2014, the geographic extent of the damage in Michigan appears larger. Initial observations and reports from the
field indicate damage extending from at least the Grand Rapids region through
greater Detroit. Damage once again may
be attributed to ice sheets on putting greens.
Many golf courses report ice sheets that formed around January 1 and in
some cases didn’t melt off until early March, approximately 60 days of ice
cover. The day estimates for Poa annua survival under ice range from 45 to 90
days and for creeping bentgrass from 90 to 120 days. For the Poa annua greens the ice cover from
this winter was definitely in the range when damage can occur. There also may be damage due to low
temperature kill and/or desiccation for greens that were exposed throughout
winter. Crown hydration freeze injury
also appears to be evident on some greens especially in poorly draining areas,
although this injury could also be from thicker ice sheets that formed early in
winter in these depressions. </span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVIOxVeHLAbhIi3clG3gXV9fseEgSwRB1IvQ_FUzXLRUwgUqsKm5WJkMaSR8TDFipCVT613Ree74yD7QrwkCuSqzN2O1iUgYvz1s9ZU6Vp_xlkd5vrDZGT-kC586UFsIJjwnO9CiS9zn0/s1600/Winterkill+CHydration.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVIOxVeHLAbhIi3clG3gXV9fseEgSwRB1IvQ_FUzXLRUwgUqsKm5WJkMaSR8TDFipCVT613Ree74yD7QrwkCuSqzN2O1iUgYvz1s9ZU6Vp_xlkd5vrDZGT-kC586UFsIJjwnO9CiS9zn0/s1600/Winterkill+CHydration.jpg" height="240" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Possible winterkill following surface drainage pattern.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Poa annua
loses its cold temperature hardy proteins and begins to take up water quickly
as temperatures warm in the spring. </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">As
snow melts and water collects in low lying or poorly draining areas if the
temperature drops below freezing and ice forms it can crush the swollen crowns
of Poa annua plants killing them.</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">To
date, determining the extent of damage has been difficult as temperatures have
been very cold and very little turf growth has occurred.</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Since the snow melted it has been a very dry
spring, to facilitate recovery it would be a good idea to charge up the
irrigation system so when the warmer weather arrives plants emerging from
dormancy will have access to water.</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">If
the weather forecast is correct, and warmer temperatures arrive next week
assessing the extent of damage will be easier. </span></div>
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<o:p></o:p></div>
<!--EndFragment-->Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17379505433049657627noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4243965030094089793.post-43844066962233357122015-03-27T10:54:00.000-04:002015-03-27T10:54:24.187-04:00Steve Glossinger Receives Honorary Certificate
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Steven Glossinger,
CGCS, was the recipient of the Michigan State University Institute of
Agriculture Technology's honorary certificate at the IAT graduation ceremony on
March 22, 2015. Mr. Glossinger began his Superintendent career in
Michigan at Signal Point Club in Niles in 1977. He was also Superintendent
at Battle Creek CC, Point O'Woods G & CC, and Oakland Hills CC in Michigan.
He has been the superintendent at Caves Valley Golf Club in Owings Mills,
MD since 1997. He has provided guidance to MSU interns annually since
1988, many of whom are now at prominent clubs across the country. He
devotion to the turf program in terms of time and effort to train these young
men and women cannot be overstated.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Congratulations Steve!<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgULOfQup7IL7EiRC_MAXtdIJdiXQQUmDY63xk-4T-zMqhaUWU5amNOq9NPewC8ORKD2qopv0PIPZ-qehu9drJJKjQxihKmOD4N-CcmeXJjwqt2dhgF7rdw9tRNYxA6sL_2cHGUqbkGEGk/s1600/Glossinger.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgULOfQup7IL7EiRC_MAXtdIJdiXQQUmDY63xk-4T-zMqhaUWU5amNOq9NPewC8ORKD2qopv0PIPZ-qehu9drJJKjQxihKmOD4N-CcmeXJjwqt2dhgF7rdw9tRNYxA6sL_2cHGUqbkGEGk/s1600/Glossinger.jpg" height="320" width="240" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Steve Glossinger</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17379505433049657627noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4243965030094089793.post-52352067200769341192015-03-19T10:58:00.000-04:002015-03-19T10:58:02.153-04:00'Flagstick' Dollar Spot Resistant Creeping Bentgrass<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Dr. J. M. Vargas Jr., Ron Detweiler, and
Nancy Dykema <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Michigan State University</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">About 20 years ago, my laboratory personnel
discovered some creeping bentgrass plants at the Hancock Turfgrass Research
Center that appeared to be resistant to dollar spot, caused by <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Sclerotinia homoeocarpa</i>. Thanks to
funding from The Michigan Turfgrass Foundation and Project GREEEN, we were able
to do some breeding with the dollar spot resistant plants. Small plots were
established with these resistant lines and, throughout the years, they have
remained resistant to dollar spot. Around 12 years ago we partnered with Seed
Research of Oregon, a subsidiary of Pickseed USA. They continued the process of
developing a dollar spot resistant creeping bentgrass cultivar. The cultivar, coded as
SRP-1WM, was entered into the National Turfgrass Evaluation Program (NTEP)
trials and tested at many universities through the United States where it
remained resistant to dollar spot. The cultivar, now called Flagstick, is now
available in limited supplies for 2015. There will be more available for the
2016 season. The importance of the first truly dollar spot resistant commercial
turfgrass is enormous.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Most of the
fungicide applications throughout the season in the Northeast and Midwest are for
control of dollar spot. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Last year in
Michigan, if it was not for dollar spot, very few fungicide applications would
have been applied to golf courses. Having a dollar spot resistant cultivar on
golf course greens, tees and especially fairways, which encompass acres of turf,
will result in financial savings to golf courses as well as reduced
environmental impact from fewer fungicide applications.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3iNAO1AU9BRuAE32rkyr3aLv9cjjwYXp85g1cC5xyilXXse6KExulGXTkrkh8miF_FJ1hmwFtQHy0u7rqXA0ygdIZRBsuaGhd21LGhKod2iR0VgXT5thaRJc3kuv9sAaXUM0P4F5zfUw/s1600/Aerial_comparison_Flagstick-Declaration-L93_CROP.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3iNAO1AU9BRuAE32rkyr3aLv9cjjwYXp85g1cC5xyilXXse6KExulGXTkrkh8miF_FJ1hmwFtQHy0u7rqXA0ygdIZRBsuaGhd21LGhKod2iR0VgXT5thaRJc3kuv9sAaXUM0P4F5zfUw/s1600/Aerial_comparison_Flagstick-Declaration-L93_CROP.jpg" height="320" width="309" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Creeping bentgrass cultivars in a fairway trial at MSU.</td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17379505433049657627noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4243965030094089793.post-34553874951913346842015-03-02T12:50:00.000-05:002015-03-02T12:50:55.228-05:00Ice on Putting Greens<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Dr. Kevin W. Frank</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Michigan State University</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Once
again this winter there are many golf course superintendents throughout the
northern United States and across Canada that are coping with ice cover on
putting greens.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>At least in Michigan, it
is nothing like what we experienced last winter where it was common to find ice
sheets several inches thick.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This year
it appears that in most cases if ice is present it is rather thin except in
pocketed areas on greens where it may be thicker.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Also different from last year is when the ice
formed.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>At the Hancock Turfgrass
Research Center (HTRC) on campus snowmelt that occurred on Jan. 17-18 when
daytime temperatures reached 45 <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black;">°</span></b>F resulted in thin
(less than 1 inch) ice sheets forming on greens.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This ice formation was approximately 3 weeks
later than when ice formed in 2014.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>On
March 2, 2014 greens were already under ice cover for 63 days.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Today, March 2, 2015 greens at the HTRC have
been under ice cover for 43 days.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Last
year based on sampling turf plugs from beneath the ice sheet, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Poa annua</i> at HTRC appeared to survive
until approximately 60 days under ice.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Samples collected from 60 days started to display damage.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>E<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">stimates
of days of ice cover causing death vary from 45-90 for <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Poa annua</i> and 120 days for creeping bentgrass.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Currently we are approaching the low day
threshold for <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Poa annua, </i>it doesn’t
appear we’ll come close to the day threshold for creeping bentgrass unless this
winter endures through April.</span></span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQqyGZ3drFuJutQ9XjYi-CUUU2pH5agl6C9ldBHYNOHhp69aMB-QhlpPsVxunrI4WKSYymq40iIPzsmtdFSzpNgZgt1xIcqotfHF6etlhLdhTGggtJ72bdRyYWT3ZCoks8LQw8m-n_cX0/s1600/Poa+58+days+under+ice.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQqyGZ3drFuJutQ9XjYi-CUUU2pH5agl6C9ldBHYNOHhp69aMB-QhlpPsVxunrI4WKSYymq40iIPzsmtdFSzpNgZgt1xIcqotfHF6etlhLdhTGggtJ72bdRyYWT3ZCoks8LQw8m-n_cX0/s1600/Poa+58+days+under+ice.jpg" height="186" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Poa annua samples from 58 days under ice in 2014, 8 days of growth.</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">I’m also
not as concerned with the thin ice sheets as I believe there is a greater
chance for porosity/gas exchange with the atmosphere that minimizes anoxia
injury as opposed to the thick ice sheets we experienced last year.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6ntaY8__JKg9h_vY3nmAoWl2ROAy1k5RZli59tAU5FRsWSxhy_m5m7frxOS7erOnWX4eZ8Z9suI73LZjvQdXlQuytTbUW6c3kqNOTF49erBvkNIGtOSyNNaQC3Ocuwr5BiyToxeO-JuA/s1600/Gull+Lake.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6ntaY8__JKg9h_vY3nmAoWl2ROAy1k5RZli59tAU5FRsWSxhy_m5m7frxOS7erOnWX4eZ8Z9suI73LZjvQdXlQuytTbUW6c3kqNOTF49erBvkNIGtOSyNNaQC3Ocuwr5BiyToxeO-JuA/s1600/Gull+Lake.jpg" height="240" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Thin ice sheets are less susceptible to anoxia injury.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">What
can or should I do now?</span></b><br />
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Whether or not to attempt ice removal is a
difficult decision for golf course superintendents.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The decision to remove ice can be based on
several factors including: turf sampling/past history, duration of ice cover,
current and future temperatures, ability to remove water following melting from
the green, and labor. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">1. Sampling – sample greens under ice to
assess survival. </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">There is variability in
sampling and just because your sample comes out alive doesn’t mean all areas on
the green will survive – same can be said if your sample is dead.</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Also, consider any sampling results from
previous years.</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Did your </span><i style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Poa</i><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> survive 30, 45, or 60 days?</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">2. Duration of ice cover – how many days
have your greens been covered in ice?</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">If
you’re approaching or have already crossed the 45 day threshold I’d suggest
making plans for removing ice.</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">3. Temperatures – although our local
Michigan forecast looks messy the next 24-48 hrs. with snow/rain/icing being
forecast when you extend out to next weekend the temperatures appear to be
favorable for melting.</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Part of the
concern with removing ice is exposing the turf to cold air temperatures.</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Removing ice can be a difficult decision but
in some ways you’re in a no win situation.</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Leave the ice in place and damage can occur, remove the ice and expose
the turf to low temperatures and damage is also possible.</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Personally, I’d hedge towards removing the
ice and/or helping the melt as temperatures moderate.</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTLJVec6P7Q4Nr3hcIxPi_55Kw-5B7Ckcg40gy3oducFQOF1jWHMMihJVw-8UihH5KcshBdvn5t3SegIVO_AJZWIXXr4_6dTOKbBdlQkC3fYjHByzhIfKWsFnj2TYLWTZ2jFyjgtAO3u0/s1600/Screen+Shot+2015-03-02+at+10.31.48+AM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTLJVec6P7Q4Nr3hcIxPi_55Kw-5B7Ckcg40gy3oducFQOF1jWHMMihJVw-8UihH5KcshBdvn5t3SegIVO_AJZWIXXr4_6dTOKbBdlQkC3fYjHByzhIfKWsFnj2TYLWTZ2jFyjgtAO3u0/s1600/Screen+Shot+2015-03-02+at+10.31.48+AM.png" height="95" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Extended forecast for East Lansing, MI</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">4. Melting ice – there are many different
products that have been used to melt ice including black sand, dark colored
natural organic fertilizers, sunflower seeds, and fertilizers. The key to any melting strategy is to be able
to remove the water from the green following melting so it doesn’t refreeze and
form another ice sheet. If you can remove
the snow above the ice prior to the moderating temperatures in the forecast
it’s entirely possible thin ice sheets may melt on their own. Of course I am relying on a 5-10 day
forecast, insert your own weather forecast joke here. </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16pt;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">5. Labor – if you’re going to remove ice you
need help.</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Ice removal is not a 1-person
job. If your golf course has 18 greens covered in ice even with several
employees helping this is not going to be finished in 1 day.</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">No
Guarantees<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Unfortunately there are no guarantees with
respect to winterkill and whether or not ice is removed.</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The days under ice cover for survival are
estimates from research and conditions from course to course and even within
the same course vary thereby effecting how long turf can survive under ice.</span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17379505433049657627noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4243965030094089793.post-23442208977322660372014-11-25T12:32:00.000-05:002014-11-25T12:32:23.492-05:00Low-Temperature Chamber for Winterkill ResearchDr. Kevin W. Frank and Dr. Emily Merewitz<br />
Michigan State University<br />
<br />
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The low-temperature growth chamber that was purchased
earlier this year by a partnership between the Michigan Turfgrass Foundation’s
Founders Society, MSU AgBio Research, and the MSU
Growth Chamber Facility has arrived at MSU.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The chamber will be used by MSU turf researchers
to investigate winterkill of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Poa annua</i>
putting greens.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Initial research
projects have been funded by the USGA, MSU
Project GREEEN and Syngenta and began earlier this summer at the
Hancock Turfgrass Research Center.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Research is focusing on the effects of plant growth regulators and plant
health treatments on turfgrass survival under ice.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Turfgrass cores from the field plots have
been extracted and are in the process of being acclimated for ice treatment in
the low-temperature chamber.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
objectives of these research projects are to determine treatments that can
ultimately be used by golf course superintendents to minimize the risk of
winterkill on putting greens.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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Thanks to the MTF Founders Society<u>,</u> MSU AgBio Research, and the
MSU Growth Chamber Facility for purchasing the low-temperature chamber to
facilitate our winterkill research efforts.</div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiF00dlzRmQK6Wxl7dq55Unj2_h0II35YeEPSMslsEnpyl0P9Zw6xjioMZR-q6HkEudPsVBvUEn050qnE3ww9QAGAyGjA7lTD9SJdbdrn201-3pQ8OK_Mq756pLvEHyqj_TXQsXEbBT9D8/s1600/Lask+Cold+Chamber.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiF00dlzRmQK6Wxl7dq55Unj2_h0II35YeEPSMslsEnpyl0P9Zw6xjioMZR-q6HkEudPsVBvUEn050qnE3ww9QAGAyGjA7lTD9SJdbdrn201-3pQ8OK_Mq756pLvEHyqj_TXQsXEbBT9D8/s1600/Lask+Cold+Chamber.jpg" height="240" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Graduate student Kevin Laskowski adjusting the temperature of the low-temperature chamber.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17379505433049657627noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4243965030094089793.post-9988539589852267652014-09-25T12:05:00.001-04:002014-09-25T12:05:56.058-04:00Preparing Turf for Winter<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Dr. Kevin W. Frank & Dr. Joe Vargas, Jr.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Michigan State University</span><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The winter of 2013-2014 shattered weather records and Poa
annua putting greens.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ice cover that
endured from early January through mid-March was a significant factor in
causing winterkill but there were certainly situations where crown hydration
freeze injury or even desiccation injury on exposed sites also caused
damage.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>With winter on the horizon there
is plenty of discussion on what to do now and what to do during winter to
minimize the risk of winterkill.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Shade<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Following last winter it was clear that any turf that was
weak or simply not as healthy was exposed and killed.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In many instances the winterkill patterns
mirrored shade patterns on greens.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Turfgrass growing in the shade is simply not as healthy as turfgrass
growing in full sunlight.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>To compound
the problem trying to reestablish damaged greens in the shade resulted in
longer recovery time than greens recovering in full sunlight.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Improving sunlight penetration to greens by removing
and/or thinning tree canopies will improve turfgrass health and ultimately may
improve the odds of turfgrass surviving winterkill events.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLUdIJUtCP26x0jMEDJNLUh2vjFf_cZzAKllqTossoK1DloBTITmxpNGEF7lF7hCvTAwfqRQwfOTDaDEnx0B_dh_P7bTD2d1ge1E6UubWWH0TTqZCSKYGww_2oAW8bQvKWAvSvSTVv2_s/s1600/Winterkill+Shade.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLUdIJUtCP26x0jMEDJNLUh2vjFf_cZzAKllqTossoK1DloBTITmxpNGEF7lF7hCvTAwfqRQwfOTDaDEnx0B_dh_P7bTD2d1ge1E6UubWWH0TTqZCSKYGww_2oAW8bQvKWAvSvSTVv2_s/s1600/Winterkill+Shade.jpg" height="240" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">In some instances winterkill mirrors shade patterns.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Covers<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Covers are not widely used throughout Michigan, especially
southeast Michigan.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There are probably
several reasons including cost, storage, lifespan, and unpredictable winter
weather.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Last winter was extreme with
ice, snow, and cold temperatures.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
winter of 2012 if it’s remembered at all, is remembered for the mild
temperatures that resulted in golf being played almost all winter long.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Keep in mind that all covers are not the
same.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The permeable covers that were
purchased by many golf courses this spring provided a tremendous advantage in
reestablishment but will not provide absolute protection in the winter from thick
ice cover.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Permeable covers will
certainly provide some buffer/protection from low temperatures and desiccation and
should be used if available but if this winter delivers another dose of lengthy
ice cover, permeable covers can’t be counted on to prevent damage.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Impermeable covers will protect the turf from ice cover
damage but are not necessarily a panacea for all your winter worries.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Impermeable covers need to be ‘tucked down’
tightly to the surface to prevent any water from getting under the cover.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Impermeable covers will prevent gas exchange
with the atmosphere so in that respect they actually mirror thick ice
sheets.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Venting (exchanging air under
the cover) impermeable covers throughout winter reduces the risk of anoxia
developing under the cover.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>To use or
not use covers, especially impermeable covers can be a hotly debated
topic.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ultimately the golf course
superintendent is the person that should make the decision.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>After all no person knows the golf course,
the environment, and the turf better.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpQqlNoL3bTgjo4YOstf3kIH5i4hYmI4tdrPbpbige7d8pULjMV88bDuiNFXT4aTAahM0jRoC3LuLkXqG3FoxX5O4OqyBnAYtXnlACcT5oww9ZeNEyq3JhBx-fovgjXfaP9WvfWZExauA/s1600/Covers.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpQqlNoL3bTgjo4YOstf3kIH5i4hYmI4tdrPbpbige7d8pULjMV88bDuiNFXT4aTAahM0jRoC3LuLkXqG3FoxX5O4OqyBnAYtXnlACcT5oww9ZeNEyq3JhBx-fovgjXfaP9WvfWZExauA/s1600/Covers.jpg" height="240" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Covers can be used for winter protection and reestablishment.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Snow Mold &
Covers<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">It is important to remember that greens covers act similar
to snow cover when it comes to snow mold activity. The covers provide the same
environmental conditions for the development of snow mold as the snow does. So
if greens covers are placed on the greens in November and not removed until
March, they will create the same environmental conditions for the development
snow mold as golf courses in Northern Michigan experience where snow covers the
turf for three or more months.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It is
important that adequate levels of snow mold fungicides be applied to protect
the turf for three or more months if covers will be used for this length of
time. This usually means applying 3 way fungicide combinations at full label
rates.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Microdochium </i>patch will occur throughout the fall. It is most
active when the temperatures are in the 60’s and combined with wet weather.
Therefore, it is important to make fungicide applications throughout the fall
to prevent<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> Microdochium </i>patch from
developing. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></i>If <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Microdochium</i>
patch is active at the time the covers are placed on the greens, it will
continue to develop under the covers in spite of any fungicide
applications.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Winter Snow & Ice
Removal: To Remove or not to Remove?<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">This question might make the cover debate seem tame.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Should you remove snow and ice and if so when
should you start?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Last year was an
anomaly with thick ice sheets that were in place for 90 days or greater in many
areas.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Although some courses have been
successful with removing snow throughout the winter this may not be feasible
for some courses due to either lack of personnel or snow moving equipment.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Instead of being concerned with removing snow
from the first event to the last, consider developing a removal strategy that
targets ice duration and snowmelt that could lead to crown hydration freeze injury.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>For example, if ice forms and is in place for
greater than 30 days I would definitely make attempts to remove.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>For crown hydration freeze injury consider
removing snow in late February/early March prior to anticipated snowmelt. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjl8Fh1WjN8kkUATU_LzXhmGfx2HCTfHm91HBqE20t0hkQU3RBhnvwOrsX_zYmyei-BrhdE2JFPdicHFWdzvLyy6hbvLDi90ky1XXUscM4A-XOqqCTsgbmrprdXRQIYNXAhW9nwOh6DI2w/s1600/Snowblower.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjl8Fh1WjN8kkUATU_LzXhmGfx2HCTfHm91HBqE20t0hkQU3RBhnvwOrsX_zYmyei-BrhdE2JFPdicHFWdzvLyy6hbvLDi90ky1XXUscM4A-XOqqCTsgbmrprdXRQIYNXAhW9nwOh6DI2w/s1600/Snowblower.jpg" height="240" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Removing snow from a putting green.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Surface Drainage<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The key to preventing or reducing the incidence of crown hydration
freeze injury is good drainage.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>For
putting greens that lack adequate surface drainage, consideration may even be
given to recontouring greens that are annual victims of crown hydration
injury.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Less dramatic measures include
cutting cup cutter sized holes in poorly draining areas and filling the cores
with gravel or sand to try and move the water away from the surface.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Another more common tactic is to cut sod
strips from greens to facilitate water movement off the greens once snowmelt
begins. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHP-x8Z0GW8XD92Pvhm7fjEOpL018oV6qxHQDE4KeIpld5BKfD9Qxz0m_eZyrUJ6S31QkR9_BZbRlhTDTeSCW5DYspJJhk_F9B2xItC1GhHenRWpZzoxG9m3ejiGRamKXT_3WoK6wJOWw/s1600/Winter+drainage.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHP-x8Z0GW8XD92Pvhm7fjEOpL018oV6qxHQDE4KeIpld5BKfD9Qxz0m_eZyrUJ6S31QkR9_BZbRlhTDTeSCW5DYspJJhk_F9B2xItC1GhHenRWpZzoxG9m3ejiGRamKXT_3WoK6wJOWw/s1600/Winter+drainage.jpg" height="130" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Help the melt by stripping sod (photo courtesy Adam Garr)</td></tr>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Cultural Practices - Let
it Grow!<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Fall is prime time for cultural practices to improve
turfgrass health.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In addition to core
aeration and fall fertilization consideration should be given to raise mowing
heights as fall progresses.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Higher
mowing heights won’t save the turf alone if winterkill is again an issue, but
it could certainly be a factor in producing a healthier plant and if you think
back, how many putting greens had winterkill but the collar had no damage?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Granted, the greens aren’t going to look like
collars going into winter but maybe even a slight increase in height might help.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17379505433049657627noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4243965030094089793.post-40535760230150355112014-09-11T12:09:00.000-04:002014-09-11T12:09:08.727-04:00MSU December Turf School<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Dr. Kevin W. Frank</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Michigan State University</span><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: 11.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;">The MSU Turf School is an intensive
four-day course designed to teach the basics of turfgrass science as well as
the practical techniques of managing turfgrass.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The school will be "team taught" by MSU turfgrass faculty and
staff.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The curriculum is designed to
deliver a wide range of turfgrass management topics including basic soils and
soil management, turfgrass species identification, selection and physiology,
turf establishment and renovation, fertilization, proper pesticide use, and
environmental stewardship.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A significant
portion of the school is dedicated to weed, insect, and disease identification
and management.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The pest management
section is delivered in lecture and laboratory settings with hands-on learning
emphasized.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">The
strength of the school lies within the depth of the turfgrass faculty at MSU.
This will provide an excellent opportunity for one-on-one interaction between
participants and the MSU turfgrass faculty. This is your chance to get to know
the MSU Turf Team - all team members instruct, that includes.....Vargas,
Rogers, Crum, Frank, Nikolai, Merewitz, Gilstrap, Smitley, Hathaway, Dykema, &
Davis - if you know the name but not the face, this is your chance to meet and
greet for an entire week!
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Who Should Attend?</span></i></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Anyone
looking to add to their turf knowledge - the school starts with the turf basics
and expands from there throughout the week. Past attendees include golf course
employees without formal training, lawn care company employees, turfgrass
mechanics, industry sales representatives, and school employees responsible for
grounds and athletic fields. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">What is
Covered?</span></i></b></div>
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<b><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><br /></span></i></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">All things turf will be covered. Topics include: turfgrass species and cultivars
including a hands-on identification lab, establishment and renovation, nutrition
and fertilizers, weed, insect, and disease management including hands-on
identification labs,
turfgrass soils, cultivation, compaction, and thatch
including a hands-on soils lab, and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Poa
annua</i> management.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Where and When</span></i></b><span style="font-family: Arial;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">This year's school will be held December 15-18, 2014 at the Hancock
Turfgrass Research Center (4444 Farm Lane Rd.) on the campus of Michigan State
University. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The school begins at 10:00
a.m. on Monday. It is recommended that lodging arrangements be made in the
Lansing/East Lansing area to avoid long commutes each day. Local lodging
information will be forwarded upon request.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4bZ-od3O1cmvSMNleGRoggGUwCyx8OR2UalPrRCjX14hOPNjvEt21tOBBzhmBLad9WJBjWe7xGAjPvrFdA__HTW67ElQsh_-U3KEDKi-8jy7ouRYw4b6ied5Uiy8Y_DYJTwtAeEpY5hc/s1600/HTRC.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4bZ-od3O1cmvSMNleGRoggGUwCyx8OR2UalPrRCjX14hOPNjvEt21tOBBzhmBLad9WJBjWe7xGAjPvrFdA__HTW67ElQsh_-U3KEDKi-8jy7ouRYw4b6ied5Uiy8Y_DYJTwtAeEpY5hc/s1600/HTRC.jpg" height="212" width="320" /></a></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Credits!</span></b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">
Need some MDA credits or GCSAA
CEU points? Turf school is the place to clean up. At past Turf School’s we were
awarded 20 MDA pesticide recertification credits available in categories
Commercial Core, Private Core, 3A, and 6. In the past, turf school was also awarded 3.15
education points from GCSAA.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">How Much?</span></b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">
Cost for the school is $600.00
and includes all class materials and lunches each day. Please register by Dec.
1 to ensure your spot.
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;">Contact Kevin Frank at
517-355-0271 x 1147 or frankk@msu.edu for any questions.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17379505433049657627noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4243965030094089793.post-37927122242394458272014-08-28T10:55:00.000-04:002014-08-28T10:55:13.788-04:00Dollar Spot Runs Rampant<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Dr. Joe Vargas, Jr.<br />Michigan State University</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
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<!--StartFragment--><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In the last couple weeks it seems dollar spot has been everywhere from golf course fairways, tees, and roughs to athletic fields and home lawns. Conditions have been perfect for the development of dollar spot with several days when dew did not dissipate into the early afternoon. Normally dollar spot occurs in August and
September in Michigan, but because of the cooler than normal summer it has been
a problem since back in May. It has been especially active the past couple of
weeks. Once it gets started it is
difficult to control. It is important to remember where the disease is active
the fungus is already inside the plant and it is necessary to use a systemic
fungicide to stop the advance of the fungus inside the plant. Contacts fungicide may prevent any new
infection but they will do nothing to prevent the fungus in the plant from
causing further damage. The dollar spot fungus has become resistant to many
classes of fungicides including thiophanate-methyl, iprodione, vinclozolin, and
the DMI chemistry. So keep this in mind
when you are trying to managing dollar spot.</span><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXHAr-zCChwUJJrzTABPo5dV2wkutMNytHKoSDid1RlvLnWk3o6ePpWbXnHUVGyZhoxiQxGw2cMujf8A6QPEb5qwbwLDCdfASfRimZoZgbu1D-AZGDZKmJEwBo3Xg1YvSQGTcrg3TL22U/s1600/Spot.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXHAr-zCChwUJJrzTABPo5dV2wkutMNytHKoSDid1RlvLnWk3o6ePpWbXnHUVGyZhoxiQxGw2cMujf8A6QPEb5qwbwLDCdfASfRimZoZgbu1D-AZGDZKmJEwBo3Xg1YvSQGTcrg3TL22U/s1600/Spot.jpg" height="240" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Dollar spot active in turf.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</span><!--EndFragment-->
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17379505433049657627noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4243965030094089793.post-20147830806643525102014-07-31T13:02:00.001-04:002014-07-31T13:02:55.531-04:00Postemergence Crabgrass ControlDr. Kevin W. Frank and Aaron Hathaway<br />
Michigan State University<br />
<br />
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It seems like every year is now a crabgrass year and this
year is no different.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Even though summer
temperatures have been less than stressful to this point in the summer frequent
rainfall has kept the turfgrass and the crabgrass growing.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The best defense against crabgrass invasion
is maintaining a healthy, dense turf stand by mowing high and fertilizing
throughout the season.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If postemergence
crabgrass control is in your future here’s a quick herbicide primer.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Postemergence Control<o:p></o:p></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Postemergence control is generally more effective when
crabgrass is younger before it has tillered.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>As crabgrass matures, postemergence control becomes more challenging and
multiple applications spaced 2-3 weeks apart are necessary to achieve
control.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOxn3H1oigv0Te04KFdDEfLkr0vGKCvFZFIRWyg06VR2ZTDTq0MVd8UrbQmZZmHzRuQ47nb-wB2lpHHtSxzS8HeAnOxqAObg87DokaspWa3qtVem7eqpjU6ZWUJNOoqOnUYQs3APLI-lU/s1600/Crabgrass.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOxn3H1oigv0Te04KFdDEfLkr0vGKCvFZFIRWyg06VR2ZTDTq0MVd8UrbQmZZmHzRuQ47nb-wB2lpHHtSxzS8HeAnOxqAObg87DokaspWa3qtVem7eqpjU6ZWUJNOoqOnUYQs3APLI-lU/s1600/Crabgrass.jpg" height="240" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Crabgrass enjoying the summer next to a sidewalk.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
MSMA is no longer available for selective grassy weed
control in lawns/commercial turf. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>MSMA
can be used on golf courses and sod farms.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>There are several options for controlling crabgrass in cool season turf:
Drive (active ingredient (a.i.) quinclorac)), Acclaim Extra (a.i. fenoxaprop-ethyl),
Tenacity (a.i. mesotrione), and Pylex (a.i. topramezone) are all effective for
postemergence control.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>For homeowners
the primary herbicide you will find on the shelf at your favorite store for
postemergence crabgrass control will contain quinclorac.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Quinclorac provides excellent control of crabgrass at almost
any growth stage (seedling or mature) and is very safe when applied to new
seedings.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Quinclorac, mesotrione, and
topramezone also have the added benefit of providing control of some
broadleaves such as white clover and dandelion. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Fenoxaprop-ethyl is generally not as effective
on larger or more mature crabgrass as quinclorac, but can provide excellent
control of other grassy weeds, such as goosegrass, that are not effectively
controlled by quinclorac.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Topramezone
also provides control of goosegrass.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
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Always read, understand, and follow the label directions.
Mention or exclusion of specific products does not represent an endorsement or
condemnation of any product by Michigan State University. <o:p></o:p></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17379505433049657627noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4243965030094089793.post-80283401456055034872014-07-22T10:12:00.001-04:002014-07-22T10:12:53.721-04:00New Asian Earthworm on Golf CoursesDr. David Smitley<br />Michigan State University<br /><br /><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">In Kentucky, Dr. Dan Potter has been studying
the types of earthworms found on golf courses.
Traditionally most of the earthworms found on golf courses in North
America are one of three or four species from Europe in the family Lumbricidae,
mostly <i>L. terrestris</i> and <i>Aprorrectodea spp</i>. These species tend to make mounds when the
soil is saturated, especially in fall and early spring. They do not usually cause mounding problems
on sand-based greens. In some recent
survey work in Kentucky, Dr. Potter discovered an increasing frequency of a new
earthworm from Asia: </span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Amynthas
hupeiensis. </span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">This is the most important earthworm problem on golf courses
in Korea. A summary of his report is available at:</span><br />
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<a href="http://kentuckypestnews.wordpress.com/2014/04/08/invasive-earthworms-newest-threat-to-landscape-and-golf-course-turf/"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">http://kentuckypestnews.wordpress.com/2014/04/08/invasive-earthworms-newest-threat-to-landscape-and-golf-course-turf/</span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-themecolor: text1;">At this point we do not know how widely
distributed </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Amynthas
spp. </span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">are
in Michigan or other Midwestern states, although it has been reported from
Illinois.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If you are seeing change in
earthworm mounding activity on your golf course, and particularly if you are
seeing more mounding on sand-based greens during the summer, please let me<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>know at:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>smitley@cbs.msu.edu</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17379505433049657627noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4243965030094089793.post-16451754226351310532014-07-18T09:30:00.000-04:002014-07-18T09:30:09.299-04:00Ataenius and Cutworms Active on Golf Courses<div class="MsoNormal">
Dr. David Smitley, Terry Davis, and Dr. Kevin W. Frank</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Michigan State University</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
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In the last week both Ataenius grubs (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ataenius Spretulus</i>) and cutworms (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Agrotis Ipsilon</i>) have been observed feeding in Poa annua and
creeping bentgrass putting greens.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Ataenius grubs have been found causing significant injury on Poa annua
greens that have recently recovered from winterkill.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Due to the rather short root system of
recovering Poa, it appears in some area the Ataenius grubs are causing injury
at lower than normal thresholds.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
typical threshold for recommending a curative insecticide application is 40
grubs/ft.<sup>2</sup>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>For curative
insecticide applications use carbaryl or triclorfon.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>These insecticides need to be applied at the
full application rate and watered in with ½ inch of water following
application.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Additional information on Ataenius
can be found at <a href="http://msuturfinsects.net/details/_/ataenius_and_aphodius_6/">http://msuturfinsects.net/details/_/ataenius_and_aphodius_6/</a><o:p></o:p></div>
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<o:p> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiU65lZVRPMUBqB7G1nid8rj0_sF6sg0lrP_BGQDpSx4VJSoGzyqFBLUhwbPyuQVVrlINu7Pov1QIjteArQaS7RWAGB22f_p1xEwjRCiFLoPfYfGrZNn1xje4crgfJbUlICX1kRkTO_jW0/s1600/Ataenius+Close.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiU65lZVRPMUBqB7G1nid8rj0_sF6sg0lrP_BGQDpSx4VJSoGzyqFBLUhwbPyuQVVrlINu7Pov1QIjteArQaS7RWAGB22f_p1xEwjRCiFLoPfYfGrZNn1xje4crgfJbUlICX1kRkTO_jW0/s1600/Ataenius+Close.jpg" height="320" width="240" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Ataenius grubs.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_9A-waY-zKKl488MbpSspBiADi-u5xLOd8RDvVfx4xfUDvZicMe20PjMUed5lS9n2ozFCXVB0uWyLVjKvM6KXVBohlrL67aBd9ovjiaBkUkg2E7BIGAb4ljWX4KTK_7_zlmL7l00qqUo/s1600/Ataenius+Grubs.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_9A-waY-zKKl488MbpSspBiADi-u5xLOd8RDvVfx4xfUDvZicMe20PjMUed5lS9n2ozFCXVB0uWyLVjKvM6KXVBohlrL67aBd9ovjiaBkUkg2E7BIGAb4ljWX4KTK_7_zlmL7l00qqUo/s1600/Ataenius+Grubs.jpg" height="320" width="240" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Turf easily peeled back from grub feeding.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</o:p></div>
<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDTOfSpi8ydWUNX8On2Tmglo9RSfvW7FeUwwDcGR9QNO5VMZo-CYAzQm_DcuPIlynv-W7jEtfiNXhgsGviYnYOHimsP6PkjkKaqZzLEMuyemSIQ7vjs6d9r_-v9EF_XmVutput5_3lU6E/s1600/Ataenius+Damage.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDTOfSpi8ydWUNX8On2Tmglo9RSfvW7FeUwwDcGR9QNO5VMZo-CYAzQm_DcuPIlynv-W7jEtfiNXhgsGviYnYOHimsP6PkjkKaqZzLEMuyemSIQ7vjs6d9r_-v9EF_XmVutput5_3lU6E/s1600/Ataenius+Damage.jpg" height="320" width="240" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Skunk and bird damage from feeding on grubs.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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Cutworms are also active on putting greens. Damage looks similar to an unrepaired ball
mark. Cutworms will often chew the stems
of grass plants around the entrance to their tunnel, leaving a yellow
‘ball-mark’ patch. A “disclosing
solution” consisting of 1 oz of liquid detergent in 3 gal of water can be
poured over suspected infestations to force the cutworms to the surface. In approximately 3-5 min the larvae will come
to the surface and will be very evident. Synthetic pyrethroid insecticides such
as deltamethrin, cyfluthrin, bifenthrin, permethrin and lambda-cyhalothrin will
work very well to reduce damage from cutworms. Safe alternative products
include Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis) and insect parasitic nematodes. Any
insecticide applied to tees, greens or fairways may need to be reapplied every
two weeks during periods of maximum cutworm moth activity, because most of the
insecticide residue is removed daily or every other day with the clippings. Additional information on cutworms can be
found at <a href="http://msuturfinsects.net/details/_/cutworm_10/">http://msuturfinsects.net/details/_/cutworm_10/</a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<o:p></o:p></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEht3RXDf0FY4YSefPblzyIEe18uiDPXSFDDQLcV5A-LozSbW4iuJpKTZDl9jo1VN5Gdx0mKlR_6Dd2o2omGzcFgM-k_MQC9Iu_diySa77BinRs31MyLHU89MbxlJ7ShA-1Q3eEFbrg4bxg/s1600/Cutworm.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEht3RXDf0FY4YSefPblzyIEe18uiDPXSFDDQLcV5A-LozSbW4iuJpKTZDl9jo1VN5Gdx0mKlR_6Dd2o2omGzcFgM-k_MQC9Iu_diySa77BinRs31MyLHU89MbxlJ7ShA-1Q3eEFbrg4bxg/s1600/Cutworm.jpg" height="320" width="240" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Black cutworm on putting green.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17379505433049657627noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4243965030094089793.post-39893758383663788702014-06-11T11:54:00.000-04:002014-06-11T11:54:26.359-04:00Creeping Bentgrass Establishment<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Eric Chestnut, Thomas Green, and Dr. John N. Rogers, III</span><div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Michigan State University</span></div>
<div>
<span style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Due to the recent harsh winter and
new bentgrass varieties that have come into the market, a study currently
underway at the Hancock Turfgrass Research Center at Michigan State University
has become quite timely and relevant. Pure Distinction creeping bentgrass was
seeded into a bare soil profile last August with the intent of using four
factors (nitrogen fertilizer rate, mowing height, PGR use, and verticutting) to
discover the fastest way to get a plot of turf capable of withstanding putting
green traffic. Although the following observations are preliminary, we hope
that those interested may find them useful.<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhS9rdtmL1k4tDKNYyJG_IFs0AmJbB5AlvgGwKBOyUlKQSsAqAaCDstyNm9EjB4Xm17KWFVnzhdNKegWnJ60CQtc8x17PKRo5NQXv2vYs3Fsyy1BCt69yGrZUAJDnEkIz4RLWhn_5lKz2k/s1600/20140506_123625.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhS9rdtmL1k4tDKNYyJG_IFs0AmJbB5AlvgGwKBOyUlKQSsAqAaCDstyNm9EjB4Xm17KWFVnzhdNKegWnJ60CQtc8x17PKRo5NQXv2vYs3Fsyy1BCt69yGrZUAJDnEkIz4RLWhn_5lKz2k/s1600/20140506_123625.jpg" height="240" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">
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Pure Distinction 5/5/14.<span style="text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span></div>
</td></tr>
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</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-indent: 0.5in;">As of May
29, 2014, only the nitrogen fertilization and mowing height regimens have been
implemented long enough to notice any treatment differences. The
most striking contrast is between the fertilizer
rates. Rates of 0.05, 0.10, and 0.15 lb N/1000 ft</span><sup style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-indent: 0.5in;">2</sup><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-indent: 0.5in;"> are sprayed
(initiated Sept. 2013) weekly. The photographs below reveal that the plots
receiving 0.10 lb N/1000 ft</span><sup style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-indent: 0.5in;">2</sup><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-indent: 0.5in;"> and 0.15 lb N/1000 ft</span><sup style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-indent: 0.5in;">2</sup><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-indent: 0.5in;"> of
fertilizer are much farther along than the plots receiving 0.05 lb N per week.
The differences between the two higher rates are currently harder to
differentiate, but the highest (0.15 lb N/1000 ft</span><sup style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-indent: 0.5in;">2</sup><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-indent: 0.5in;">) rate did seem to
grow in significantly faster initially than either of the other two rates. The
warm air and soil temperatures during the past couple of
weeks have given most of the 0.10 lb N/1000 ft</span><sup style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-indent: 0.5in;">2</sup><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-indent: 0.5in;"> plots a chance to
catch up to the highest rate, but the lowest rate plots still have
significantly less coverage than the others.</span></div>
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<!--StartFragment--><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Pure Distinction 5/25/14. Darker green areas are 0.10 & 0.15 lb N/1000 ft<sup>2</sup> rates and thin
areas are the 0.05 lb N/1000 ft<sup>2 </sup>rate.</span><!--EndFragment--></td></tr>
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initiated last fall and resumed this year on April 30, 2014 yielded minimal
clippings until the second week in May due to cold soil and air temperatures.
Half of the plots were originally being mowed at 0.200” and the other half at
0.150”, with each height being reduced by 0.05” each week until a height of
0.125” is reached. Mowing heights are currently at 0.190” and 0.140”. Plots
being mowed at the lower height are growing in more densely than areas at the
higher cut, even though they look similar from a standing distance due to
longer, more lateral growing leaves on the higher cut turf (see Figures 4-7).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Mowing Height Differences. 5/29/14. Plot on the right (above the 1) is mowed at
0.140” and the plot on the left (above the 2) is mowed at 0.190”. Both plots fertilized at 0.150 lb N/10000 ft<sup>2</sup>. They look very similar from
above, but upon closer inspection the lower mowing height (the plot on the
right) has more leaf density than the higher height (plot on the left).</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Mowing height 0.190”. 5/30/14. Notice there are quite a few areas where the leaves are sprawling outward
instead of standing up.</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small; text-align: start;">Mowing height 0.140” 5/30/14. When compared to the higher mowing cuts the grass blades are more upright and less sprawling.</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Multiple Factor Photo. 5/26/14. Plots below the number 2’s are mowed at 0.190” and
plots below the number 1 (second from the right) are mowed at 0.140”.
Fertilizer rates are as follows from left to right: 0.05 lb N/1000 ft<sup>2</sup>,
0.05 lb N/1000 ft<sup>2</sup>, 0.15 lb N/1000 ft<sup>2</sup>, 0.10 lb N/1000 ft<sup>2</sup>. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17379505433049657627noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4243965030094089793.post-18649677811002910692014-05-14T12:06:00.001-04:002014-05-14T12:06:50.481-04:00Winterkill Recovery: Slow and SteadyDr. Kevin W. Frank<br />
Michigan State University<br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
Unfortunately the recovery from winterkill seems to be
following the common saying of slow and steady wins the race.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The recent temperature spike in the last
several days has certainly helped the recovery but the forecast is a roller
coaster with highs ranging from 50 to 70 and even whispers of a possible frost
event before the end of the week.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Statewide temperature ranks provided from NOAA National Climatic Data
Center indicate the period of February-April to be among the coldest on record
for Michigan.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Temperature ranks for
Michigan in April were classified as near normal but based on data from the
last 120 years I would suggest it was closer to the below average rank.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In April Michigan’s temperature rank was 46,
indicating that of the 120 years of data 45 years had cooler temperatures and
74 had warmer temperatures.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In a typical
year where winterkill reestablishment wasn’t an issue these temperatures
probably wouldn’t have been much of an issue but this year it was definitely
not ideal for establishing turf on putting greens.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiG5QliQDKr8C3RhYZiC6OjEi-nCit3MlQ900g1dVMNQSjv2aAuoYKiGtma6aDJgjzb62n9A_bsLQmrdBtrB5PRhuIs63zwUOCUV3iXDVnF_PcxIqWYYzFDYIVPSaMKA3ML_DDXxzFn2Jg/s1600/201402-201404.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiG5QliQDKr8C3RhYZiC6OjEi-nCit3MlQ900g1dVMNQSjv2aAuoYKiGtma6aDJgjzb62n9A_bsLQmrdBtrB5PRhuIs63zwUOCUV3iXDVnF_PcxIqWYYzFDYIVPSaMKA3ML_DDXxzFn2Jg/s1600/201402-201404.gif" height="233" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">NCDC Statewide Temperature Ranks Feb-April 2014.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEja4dDhbtoHHWNulpPJLT5seS-WL2hyich-cXATOzUlYeznhosUnpK5438YWIKjn5Gh2iftOfDOK3DJqucqTG8eqPlZQ3rTCkqH2lI0y2_tJ1zl_diflikgiefAMd_yXcZg6GoQoNGBGSg/s1600/State+April+Temp+Ranks.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEja4dDhbtoHHWNulpPJLT5seS-WL2hyich-cXATOzUlYeznhosUnpK5438YWIKjn5Gh2iftOfDOK3DJqucqTG8eqPlZQ3rTCkqH2lI0y2_tJ1zl_diflikgiefAMd_yXcZg6GoQoNGBGSg/s1600/State+April+Temp+Ranks.gif" height="233" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">NCDC Statewide Temperature Ranks April 2014.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Still Assessing Life
and Death<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In the April 17 blog post (<a href="http://msuturf.blogspot.com/2014/04/winterkill-and-recovery-update.html">http://msuturf.blogspot.com/2014/04/winterkill-and-recovery-update.html</a>)
the picture of ‘the different colors of winterkill’ was presented which was
taken on April 7.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>At that time I was
attempting to assess survival of Poa annua displaying different colors.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWf1WxUgewevMSfGhoAsg9fgCyrz5xBqcDn4J_vRuFNifgH4LAMbKPmVpAD3kiuiDTT5shMJfioejsgP2IAMcQJrwKkuOiMC9hEV817PpFJA9RQ624ign5ypTeRfUMpYC9X57M8Q32tZo/s1600/colors.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWf1WxUgewevMSfGhoAsg9fgCyrz5xBqcDn4J_vRuFNifgH4LAMbKPmVpAD3kiuiDTT5shMJfioejsgP2IAMcQJrwKkuOiMC9hEV817PpFJA9RQ624ign5ypTeRfUMpYC9X57M8Q32tZo/s1600/colors.jpg" height="240" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The different colors of winterkill, April 7, 2014.</td></tr>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The picture below was taken on May 13.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As the picture indicates the areas of Poa
annua that I thought might survive did survive and have now filled in with
living, breathing Poa annua.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Unfortunately the areas that I thought were dead still appear
dead.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In some of these severely damaged
areas of Poa annua we are observing some recovery but it’s doubtful that
without seeding creeping bentgrass into these areas recovery will be
sufficient.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRjwh-5Yzrk1M7q43MLCxogsz4qrL84awqO8rXB1IbBHnABxnjbkd2vnkG_4D7Xpj1rixmCtTM9fWlwpNZLKq1UCaUKDs7d1X4oEYf1OguqyWynYzq_L4TF85pwVGlF4LdDG4FlYWP2BA/s1600/May+13+Wkill+HTRC.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRjwh-5Yzrk1M7q43MLCxogsz4qrL84awqO8rXB1IbBHnABxnjbkd2vnkG_4D7Xpj1rixmCtTM9fWlwpNZLKq1UCaUKDs7d1X4oEYf1OguqyWynYzq_L4TF85pwVGlF4LdDG4FlYWP2BA/s1600/May+13+Wkill+HTRC.jpg" height="240" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The different colors of winterkill, May 13, 2014.</td></tr>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Reestablishment and Opening
Greens for Play<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Temporary greens are still in play on many golf courses and
as expected the pressure to play greens is only increasing. Many golf courses
had planned or hoped to open severely damaged greens that had to be reseeded by
June 1.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Although every course differs in
how quickly they are recovering the June 1 date now appears somewhat
unrealistic for the most severely damaged greens.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>One of the most common questions is how soon
can we play the greens?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>My typical
response is that when we establish greens (which is essentially what we’re
doing) we don’t go from seed to play in 45 days, which is approximately what a June
1 target date would mean.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<o:p> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7vEmoIao6R22pT48rPwwsDAc_XO-Mf58y-pTq6khqbjlZuEfqH469YkU2PQJKLl9yJV9mwZqcvCf5vIvBFL5uJQJVz6G_eH8KdUc9PsOeFC-dKIwSrKvdRUH-p7Ln-SfNHzkPeCc-fek/s1600/Reest+Poa+and+Bent.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7vEmoIao6R22pT48rPwwsDAc_XO-Mf58y-pTq6khqbjlZuEfqH469YkU2PQJKLl9yJV9mwZqcvCf5vIvBFL5uJQJVz6G_eH8KdUc9PsOeFC-dKIwSrKvdRUH-p7Ln-SfNHzkPeCc-fek/s1600/Reest+Poa+and+Bent.jpg" height="240" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Many severely damaged greens are still not ready for play.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</o:p></div>
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My suggestion is to assess each green individually and open
greens as soon as you determine they are ready for play. Of course the logistics and pressure of
making these decisions can be immense as golfers may ‘suggest’ that you open a
series of consecutive greens to allow for consecutive playing of holes and/or
facilitating posting 9 hole scores for handicap purposes. The concern with trafficking newly seeded
greens too soon is that the turf will lose density and the greens will essentially
go backwards in terms of turf cover.
Ultimately this could lead to turf thinning and loss that by July and
August may result in golfers playing on a mix of bare soil, algae, and moss.<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<o:p></o:p></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17379505433049657627noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4243965030094089793.post-23895513076098423172014-04-18T11:28:00.002-04:002014-04-18T11:31:00.487-04:00Winterkill and Recovery Update<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Dr. Kevin W. Frank, Dr. J.M. Vargas, Jr., and Dr. Trey Rogers</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Michigan State University</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In the last couple weeks the extent of winterkill to Poa
annua putting greens throughout mid to southeast Michigan has become
evident.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>On many greens we have observed
several different colors of turf as winter receded and spring slowly
arrived.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Generally the Poa annua that
retained green color did of course survive and in many locations is now
actively growing.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Poa annua that was
brownish in color has slowly started to recover and our hope is that most of
these areas will fill back in as temperatures and soil temperatures continue to
warm.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Poa that was white or dark
gray to black does unfortunately appear to be dead.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Scratching at the turf or taking samples from
these areas you may find some and I emphasize some, turf that has survived but
to get these areas back in play will require seeding and/or sodding, and
limiting traffic.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6vvpq1fhai1x8Xw_pT2_LvctXGagxfW4oB8FIvYl8YsqsH9YQk8tWbVd75z84RBcwHVH_55BE9awyHjf4ygaM7vaaWfrJ5v46Dz4adI59I4s-gAP9dNLMDYb2ZetU9kgQQ8AvwGJb7P8/s1600/colors.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6vvpq1fhai1x8Xw_pT2_LvctXGagxfW4oB8FIvYl8YsqsH9YQk8tWbVd75z84RBcwHVH_55BE9awyHjf4ygaM7vaaWfrJ5v46Dz4adI59I4s-gAP9dNLMDYb2ZetU9kgQQ8AvwGJb7P8/s1600/colors.jpg" height="240" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The different colors of winterkill.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Temporary Greens</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">One of the most common questions we have answered recently
is if temporary greens are necessary.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Damaged putting greens will recover faster if temporary greens are
used.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Traffic on Poa annua that is
trying to recover or on newly seeded creeping bentgrass will lengthen the time
for reestablishment and may even kill the new seedlings.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It is difficult to set a date for when
damaged greens can be opened for play as Mother Nature reminded us again with
snow and low temps this week that she is still in control.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Winterkill to Tees,
Fairways, and Rough<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Generally the damage to tees and fairways was not as severe
as the damage to putting greens.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>However
perennial ryegrass, which is often used on driving range tees in Michigan, also
suffered winterkill.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The good news with
perennial ryegrass is due to its rapid germination and emergence; time for
reestablishment should be shorter.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMGYxxEKvkA1rr9vzZz5gim5glX_BU64_SyBmA0rnOjWsztjOjcC69yhpd8clB_qAfI2BMZXhGbDW88W9rQUioB6oQD6kzmHPGxqF-7n55_qf9ZKT1nlxiSKxcK9yfjAVSe_H4LoU3Pys/s1600/Perrye.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMGYxxEKvkA1rr9vzZz5gim5glX_BU64_SyBmA0rnOjWsztjOjcC69yhpd8clB_qAfI2BMZXhGbDW88W9rQUioB6oQD6kzmHPGxqF-7n55_qf9ZKT1nlxiSKxcK9yfjAVSe_H4LoU3Pys/s1600/Perrye.jpg" height="240" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Perennial ryegrass fairway test plot at HTRC sustained significant damage.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The rough on many golf courses was also damaged from snow
mold activity.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Whereas greens, tees, and
fairways are typically sprayed with snow mold fungicides to protect the turf,
the rough typically not sprayed.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
rough will generally recover from any snow mold damage and in most situations
won’t require any reseeding but limiting cart traffic in these areas is advised
to allow recovery.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Rough damaged by snow mold will recover but restricting traffic will help.</td></tr>
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Reestablishment</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Efforts to reestablish and recover winterkilled turfgrass
are already underway on golf courses.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Many damaged greens have already been interseeded with creeping
bentgrass and many more will be seeded in the coming days.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Sod from nursery greens on golf courses is
also being used to patch small areas of dead turf.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEir-4ggQkfHbj_Grumzd0MXaEulZsem6MC4f48vztdxY656y2I4xQnNocrVNXERv4aM0KtI1Aw2T45P9hhWwQmqPktJAR6DokXxcBncpugH4ATj_1p5GDsSFoY0SOXmkM6Q9xPgJVLgCaQ/s1600/verticutting.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEir-4ggQkfHbj_Grumzd0MXaEulZsem6MC4f48vztdxY656y2I4xQnNocrVNXERv4aM0KtI1Aw2T45P9hhWwQmqPktJAR6DokXxcBncpugH4ATj_1p5GDsSFoY0SOXmkM6Q9xPgJVLgCaQ/s1600/verticutting.jpg" height="240" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Surviving Poa annua emerging in verticut channels.</td></tr>
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Spreading the Winterkill Message</span></b></div>
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In the last couple weeks I have conducted several radio interviews discussing winterkill on golf courses with the goal of explaining the issue and preaching patience from golfers. One of the most recent was for the Greening of the Great Lakes radio segments that will air throughout the state this weekend. You can listen to the interview by following this link (the audio is near the bottom of the article) </span><a href="http://goo.gl/93psbi">http://goo.gl/93psbi</a></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17379505433049657627noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4243965030094089793.post-72503451589699893132014-04-03T10:20:00.001-04:002014-04-03T10:20:35.672-04:00Winterkill 2014: What to do now<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Dr. J.M. Vargas, Jr., Dr Kevin W. Frank, and Dr. Trey Rogers</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Michigan State University</span><br />
<br />
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Winterkill 2014</span></b></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">In the last week as additional
snowmelt has revealed the turf, it is now obvious that injury has occurred to
annual bluegrass (</span><i style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Poa annua</i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">) in
Michigan. </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Most of the damage appears to
be from ice cover that trapped toxic gases under the ice, which covered the
greens for more than 45 days.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Many
putting greens were under ice for 70 or more days.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">In addition to ice cover, damage may also
have been caused by crown hydration freeze injury, desiccation, and low
temperature kill.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">The questions now are
primarily related to reestablishment. </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Decisions would be easier if we could
accurately predict the weather, but forecasts tend to lack accuracy and
reliability.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">If a warm spring occurs,
interseeding the damaged areas with creeping bentgrass will work well. However,
if a cold spring occurs, which many are predicting, it will take the interseeded
areas considerable time to fill in with dense turf.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Sodding completely dead areas especially if
you have an annual bluegrass nursery green may be a better option. </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">If you purchase sod, make sure your putting
green root zone is compatible with the purchased sod root zone. However, if a
nursery green is not available then seeding with creeping bentgrass is the only
realistic option.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOqi5AVZCiKfJEtKIr_BjMGSXqPQTVG-wEFu6Ysj7G6FmfqTaCfWLzQ9LdzUdDpjJF_E5TwwwFYMb2E-no7JnHJGhbEj1Epvj-ZD6lub-b5SuP_9bhPdsut2fAPXV7L785DBwIK2df69g/s1600/Winterkill2014.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOqi5AVZCiKfJEtKIr_BjMGSXqPQTVG-wEFu6Ysj7G6FmfqTaCfWLzQ9LdzUdDpjJF_E5TwwwFYMb2E-no7JnHJGhbEj1Epvj-ZD6lub-b5SuP_9bhPdsut2fAPXV7L785DBwIK2df69g/s1600/Winterkill2014.jpg" height="240" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Winterkill damage on a Poa annua putting green.</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Interseeding Greens</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">The areas to be seeded on greens
should be vertically mowed and if possible aerified, then seeded and lightly
top dressed. The seed should be applied to the greens following aerification
and then vertically mowed in an attempt to move the seed into the verticut
slits. Another option would be to apply the seed to the greens and then run a
spiker over the greens to push the seed into the soil. The aerification,
verticuting and spiking should also stimulate some of the annual bluegrass seed
reservoir in the soil to germinate as well. </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">A fertilizer with phosphorus should be applied
at the time of seeding to encourage germination followed by light sand
topdressing and rolling.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Research
conducted on turfgrass reestablishment following winterkill at MSU indicates
regular applications of fertilizer containing phosphorus results in faster
establishment than nitrogen applications alone.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">
</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Foliar feeding is the preferred method of fertilizing since the cool
soil temperatures and the limited root systems of the newly germinated seedling
are not conducive to nutrient up take.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">
</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">On ”warm” windy days, frequent light irrigation cycles will be necessary
to keep the surface of the greens moist during the germination process and the
earlier seedling stage. </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Mowing heights
should be raised to .150 in. and then gradually brought down to more normal
mowing heights.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Based on our research mowing
can begin 8-10 days after germination (covers will speed this up).</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Do not be afraid to mow frequently in the
beginning, as it helps the new seedlings establish.</span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGhY1zyCW9I7dNuj_hJSlSuC1TAbjRc-OiL61dWChWBP5_ptuSHPhLkMUxnouICGKnLRNqJariXa1wM7qOs8vF_RhMnVdmAhRKWDme3WFk6nuQVdKDCN0umKdxj4So3wYMG3zm3Ft8VSY/s1600/Winterkillseedbed.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGhY1zyCW9I7dNuj_hJSlSuC1TAbjRc-OiL61dWChWBP5_ptuSHPhLkMUxnouICGKnLRNqJariXa1wM7qOs8vF_RhMnVdmAhRKWDme3WFk6nuQVdKDCN0umKdxj4So3wYMG3zm3Ft8VSY/s1600/Winterkillseedbed.jpg" height="240" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Prepping a seedbed in a dead green.</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Covers and diseases</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">If covers are available, they
should be used on severely damaged greens. This will increase temperatures,
especially on warm sunny days, and speed up the recovery process. Cotton grow
covers can be cut into smaller pieces and used on greens that have small
damaged areas allowing the green to remain in play. If covers are used on
greens with major damage, temporary greens will have to be established.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Once sufficient establishment has occurred, the
covers can be removed during the day to allow play to occur on the greens. At
night the greens should be covered to retain the heat of the day and to further
encourage as much growth as possible.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Microdochium
patch fungicides should be applied to prevent this disease from developing,
especially if covers are used. The QoI or dicarboximide fungicides would be
good choices for management of this disease.</span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPuYvGclz_woXAcEgZa2knYqGedi9wShMqWpDL6jMAV-kpA4Of-khTHSwzh_VIcWNxxo1h8sy04JkPVm3HDmQTTwbs2FlHO2R3TeRV71LcrArLQtcbMDis19lSDTYQmj5-EyABszEHO1k/s1600/Cover.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPuYvGclz_woXAcEgZa2knYqGedi9wShMqWpDL6jMAV-kpA4Of-khTHSwzh_VIcWNxxo1h8sy04JkPVm3HDmQTTwbs2FlHO2R3TeRV71LcrArLQtcbMDis19lSDTYQmj5-EyABszEHO1k/s1600/Cover.jpg" height="137" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Covering greens may be critical for speeding reestablishment.</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17379505433049657627noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4243965030094089793.post-63478707260814490222014-03-02T21:32:00.000-05:002014-03-02T21:32:32.424-05:00Ice and Poa Survival Update<div class="MsoNormal">
Dr. Kevin W. Frank and Dr. J.M. Vargas, Jr.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The winter of 2013-2014 will be remembered for many years to
come.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The ice storm of Dec. 21-22
knocked out power for thousands and coated everything, included exposed turf, in
ice. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Following the ice storm there was a
brief warm-up Dec. 28-29 immediately followed by a Polar Vortex, a blizzard,
and then another brief warm-up from Jan. 10-13.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The weather events resulted in thick ice sheets forming on many putting
greens with the most severe conditions appearing to be from the Lansing area eastward.
<o:p></o:p></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilPbGGdMlh6bQQvN65MgNhJm9PKZQBtKonP5S2vEt_qK9TJJbBZBbMHNvzehDSBqOuNp-HjHpA9ITyDMpnpghklVJBidu64Ng4k5xG9Jfblz2TC-hLeLmv_E0PWcu4s3m5GnWAxRXfNEk/s1600/Iceslab.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilPbGGdMlh6bQQvN65MgNhJm9PKZQBtKonP5S2vEt_qK9TJJbBZBbMHNvzehDSBqOuNp-HjHpA9ITyDMpnpghklVJBidu64Ng4k5xG9Jfblz2TC-hLeLmv_E0PWcu4s3m5GnWAxRXfNEk/s1600/Iceslab.jpg" height="240" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Ice from a putting green.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The primary cause
of death to turfgrass under ice sheets is from oxygen depletion and toxic gas
accumulation from soil microbial respiration. The warmer the soil is when
the ice forms the faster the oxygen is depleted by the microbes and the sooner
toxic anaerobic gases like butanol and ethyl butyrate will form. These gases are what superintendents often
refer to as the smell of death and unfortunately many, including myself, have experienced this smell in the last week. The day
estimates for Poa annua survival under ice range from 45 to 90 days and for
creeping bentgrass from 90 to 120 days.
Currently many putting greens have been covered in ice for greater than
60 days. We have sampled Poa annua under
a 2 inch ice sheet at the Hancock Turfgrass Research Center at MSU weekly for
the last three weeks. Last weeks samples
from 58 days under ice (5 days after sampling) show that ½ of the plugs sampled appear to be dead but we will continue to monitor and sample. Some superintendents have started reporting
similar results in the last week.</div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmbP3AJi2mMzPuPBq54pzntx4yz4C716ROECZ-IFROncyHghFNDt4q7GofEcTRp7kQhBC1HYv1M-Qr7Jck6NBg214jQ1pBwKijfmEJnsvjh-MhTBclT3byXzt0YLVqqhlUvir2NKtqNgY/s1600/58+days+under+ice.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmbP3AJi2mMzPuPBq54pzntx4yz4C716ROECZ-IFROncyHghFNDt4q7GofEcTRp7kQhBC1HYv1M-Qr7Jck6NBg214jQ1pBwKijfmEJnsvjh-MhTBclT3byXzt0YLVqqhlUvir2NKtqNgY/s1600/58+days+under+ice.jpg" height="240" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Poa annua samples, 58 days under ice, 5 days after sampling.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Many superintendents have been active in trying to clear
snow and remove ice throughout the winter but it has been a nearly impossible process due to frequent snowfall and very cold temperatures that make melting
or physically removing ice very difficult. This might be the winter that Mother Nature dictates turf life and death no matter what actions were taken by superintendents. Unfortunately winter is not over and the upcoming warm temperatures and
melt that will arrive can be just as calamitous especially to Poa annua
greens. Poa annua loses its cold
temperature hardy proteins and begins to take up water quickly as temperatures
warm. As snow melts and water collects
in low lying or poorly draining areas, if the temperature drops below freezing
and ice forms it can crush the swollen crowns of Poa annua plants killing them. The damage resulting from freeze/thaw cycles is typically referred to as crown hydration injury. Despite efforts to squeegee water from
low spots on greens it is difficult to remove all the water and completely prevent crown hydration injury. It has already been a very taxing winter and unfortunately spring doesn't look like it will be any easier. We will continue to update the situation as
spring arrives.</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17379505433049657627noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4243965030094089793.post-30324168050821713072014-02-13T16:08:00.000-05:002014-02-13T16:08:26.939-05:00Melting Ice Sheets on GreensDr. Kevin W. Frank, Michigan State University<div>
Andrew Hollman, Dr. Brian Horgan, & Sam Bauer, University of Minnesota</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
When given lemons make lemonade. When given an ice sheet, conduct an ice melt
study. On January 31 at the Hancock
Turfgrass Research Center (HTRC) at MSU we conducted an ice melting study in
cooperation with Dr. Brian Horgan, Andrew Hollman, and Sam Bauer from the
University of Minnesota. We tested 20
products for their ability to melt ice. Conditions
during our treatment window which began at approximately 11 am and concluded at
5:30 pm had temperatures hovering around 25 <b><span style="font-family: 'Lucida Grande';">°</span></b>F and
constant cloud cover. The treatments can
be broken down into three general categories:<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Standard Chemcials/Salts (all application rates 28 lbs./1000
ft.<sup>2</sup>)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
1. Calcium chloride<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
2. Sodium chloride<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
3. Potassium chloride<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
4. Magnesium chloride <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
‘Safer’ ice melt products (all application rates 28
lbs./1000 ft.<sup>2</sup>)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
5. Calcium magnesium acetate (CMA)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
6. Sodium acetate (NAAC)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
7. Enviro Melt (carbonyl diamide/urea)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
8. Safe Paws (modified amide/glycol admixture)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
9. Paw Thaw (CMA and fertilizer)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
10. Tenderfoot Ice Melter (urea and DeFrost)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
11. Ammonium sulfate.
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Solar Absorption Products (dark colored)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
12. Milorganite greens grade (56 lbs./1000 ft.<sup>2</sup>)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
13. Sustane greens grade (40 lbs./1000 ft.<sup>2</sup>)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
14. Top Cut biosolids SGN 90 (53 lbs./1000 ft.<sup>2</sup>)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
15. Top Cut SGN 200 (53 lbs./1000 ft.<sup>2) </sup><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
16. Top Cut + DeFrost SGN 200 (53 lbs./1000 ft.<sup>2</sup>)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
17. BioDac + DeFrost SGN 200 (47 lbs./1000 ft.<sup>2</sup>)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
18. BioDac + DeFrost + Colorant SGN200 (47 lbs./1000 ft.<sup>2</sup>)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
19. Eon 75 humic acid (47 lbs./1000 ft.<sup>2</sup>)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
20. Black sand (100 lbs./1000 ft.<sup>2</sup>)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgo0yS_r4_wJ2OxzNIycksM_XlLt7fsGq6ygNwRxwVDfRpbrCqQTTS1f7twhYbd69WdsujTrjuEHEoQS1NGciRvRXpjBW2Rt9LUB1MDBxw1Sqgi3lLxK8C0RzzjO7GkV6HKXNe-k8wL3m8/s1600/IceStudy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgo0yS_r4_wJ2OxzNIycksM_XlLt7fsGq6ygNwRxwVDfRpbrCqQTTS1f7twhYbd69WdsujTrjuEHEoQS1NGciRvRXpjBW2Rt9LUB1MDBxw1Sqgi3lLxK8C0RzzjO7GkV6HKXNe-k8wL3m8/s1600/IceStudy.jpg" height="240" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Treatments on ice sheet at MSU.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
We recorded surface ice temperatures prior to treatment
application and at intervals following applications using an infrared
temperature sensor. We rated ice melt
based on observation of standing water on the plots on a scale from 1-5 with 1
= no visible melt, and 5 = visible standing water. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Surface temperatures prior to treatment application were
very similar to air temperatures 25-26 <b><span style="font-family: 'Lucida Grande';">°</span></b>F. One hour after treatment application the
treatments were separated into two groups, the standard salts and safer ice
melt products vs. the solar absorption products. The solar absorption products with their dark
coloration had surface ice temperatures of 35-37 <b><span style="font-family: 'Lucida Grande';">°</span></b>F
whereas the salts and safer treatments had surface ice temperatures of 27-31 <b><span style="font-family: 'Lucida Grande';">°</span></b>F. Treatments
were still significantly different at 4.5 hours after treatment application
although the temperatures for the solar absorption products declined to 30-32 <b><span style="font-family: 'Lucida Grande';">°</span></b>F, most likely due to the sun setting. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
There were also differences in visible melt from the
treatments. The following treatments
produced the most visible melt: Milorganite, Sustane, Top Cut biosolids SGN 90,
Eon 75 humic acid, and black sand. The
standard salts and safer ice melt treatments produced very little visible ice
melt. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisGIognaRqkojE2jlXMOUuWfu8VvyiJudkz1F9L3bJKu_JDgyOsfxlVDxMqDdlFp2DP6RaL8wtlXJcJfu1FVJCoI2TGarw8TGj6LPXmAFcUEhot2494ztyWIBzVbn1_BREYTrz13F6xr8/s1600/IceMelting.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisGIognaRqkojE2jlXMOUuWfu8VvyiJudkz1F9L3bJKu_JDgyOsfxlVDxMqDdlFp2DP6RaL8wtlXJcJfu1FVJCoI2TGarw8TGj6LPXmAFcUEhot2494ztyWIBzVbn1_BREYTrz13F6xr8/s1600/IceMelting.jpg" height="240" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Solar absorption products had the greatest melting.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The standard salts were the only
treatments we observed that were able to penetrate through the 2 inch ice sheet
so they could be effective in facilitating gas exchange with the surface but of
course there is the risk of turf burning from the salt properties of these
treatments. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWY1eLO2pp6lnDzTq-7NK_n6slDsWZy9JDXbHpRYHWRE2-hq0D1Jl12r-VCsN4B4KJwYwOWi69nG51SMTpcE3C_ZC6VuKstSAKgxN-7qKMOgHOvCYHHtGyVQErEZr-Fma29xYxtoiymwE/s1600/PencilIce.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWY1eLO2pp6lnDzTq-7NK_n6slDsWZy9JDXbHpRYHWRE2-hq0D1Jl12r-VCsN4B4KJwYwOWi69nG51SMTpcE3C_ZC6VuKstSAKgxN-7qKMOgHOvCYHHtGyVQErEZr-Fma29xYxtoiymwE/s1600/PencilIce.jpg" height="240" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Calcium chloride melted holes all the way to the turf surface.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Overall, even though
temperatures were below freezing and cloud cover persisted the solar absorption
treatments were effective at melting the ice surface but were unable to melt to
the surface given our 2 inch ice sheet. We are planning to replicate this trial again this coming
week at both MSU and Minnesota when temperatures are forecast to be above freezing. We will also be assessing turfgrass
phytotoxicity from the treatments this spring. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>Helping the Melt<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Next week most areas of Michigan are forecast to have
temperatures above freezing and possibly into the mid 40’s in combination with
rain. Many superintendents have been
attempting to clear greens down to the ice layer to facilitate melting. Keep in mind that if this melt occurs there
is going to be a tremendous amount of water that will be moving off
greens. Ensuring the water can exit the
greens will be critical to try and prevent water backing up onto the green and
refreezing if temperatures drop below freezing at night. Ultimately Mother Nature is going to dictate
whether or not our <i>Poa annua</i> putting
greens have survived the ice sheet and the pending melting and freezing in
the next month. <o:p></o:p></div>
<!--EndFragment--></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17379505433049657627noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4243965030094089793.post-77433167689788388162014-01-29T10:41:00.000-05:002014-01-29T10:41:01.425-05:00What Lies Beneath: Ice?<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Dr. Kevin W. Frank</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Associate Professor & Extension Turfgrass Specialist</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Michigan State University</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Some might remember 'What Lies Beneath' as the title of a horror movie but currently ice</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> is a real life potential horror for golf course superintendents worried about winterkill.</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Weather Scenario<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The winter of 2013-2014 will be remembered for many years to
come. The first significant event was
the ice storm of Dec. 21-22 that knocked out power for thousands and coated
everything, included exposed turf, with a perfect coating of ice. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; mso-spacerun: yes;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggpgmHOqITnUYvoMSXVvgxeCi0FhmWP39xA7jjaKQprir5vExOlywMe0uvS043osTEJSzifzwkZywbNDILawgdzvlfetuzU5Yup9DrVUD2AIAnxe3zv7BRoP7MchEj1VF5fV9Redhyp5o/s1600/Turfsicle.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggpgmHOqITnUYvoMSXVvgxeCi0FhmWP39xA7jjaKQprir5vExOlywMe0uvS043osTEJSzifzwkZywbNDILawgdzvlfetuzU5Yup9DrVUD2AIAnxe3zv7BRoP7MchEj1VF5fV9Redhyp5o/s1600/Turfsicle.jpg" height="240" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Tall fescue encased in ice.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Most turf areas were covered with snow prior to the icing
event and as the rain percolated through the snow it formed a very porous,
crusty ice-snow layer. This type of
ice-snow layer is not a concern for turfgrass as it is porous and allows for
gas exchange from the turf/soil interface to the atmosphere.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><o:p> </o:p> </span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIDgkCxxH-lFFVLk4QIz1dryCfLuaW-j2o4S9qVOEb3hzTha419pSsOtMxLzeirEZHaQrHN0vGpfYUJieC58rKoz2dKF93rkPqwTpSSD1DE8OyIrLeMBanJNoGXtoDfEQXBZ71ZJ6FQ-A/s1600/Porous+Ice.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIDgkCxxH-lFFVLk4QIz1dryCfLuaW-j2o4S9qVOEb3hzTha419pSsOtMxLzeirEZHaQrHN0vGpfYUJieC58rKoz2dKF93rkPqwTpSSD1DE8OyIrLeMBanJNoGXtoDfEQXBZ71ZJ6FQ-A/s1600/Porous+Ice.jpg" height="240" width="320" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Two inch porous snow-ice layer + 1 in. snow on top.</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Five days after the ice storm (Dec. 27) temperatures at the
Hancock Turfgrass Research Center (HTRC) warmed to 38 <b><span style="color: black;">°</span></b>F and were accompanied by 0.15 in. of rain. On Dec. 28 and 29 temperatures were above 40 <b><span style="color: black;">°</span></b>F. The warm temperatures resulted in melting and
I believe this is when the first ice layer formed. On Dec. 30 temperatures dropped and we all
learned what a Polar Vortex meant as day time high temperatures were in the
single digits and nighttime lows were well below 0 <b><span style="color: black;">°</span></b>F. The Vortex combined with a foot or more of
snow closed MSU for Jan. 6 and 7 but by Friday Jan. 10 the HTRC recorded a
daytime high temperature of 38 <b><span style="color: black;">°</span></b>F and by Jan. 13
the high temperature was 44 <b><span style="color: black;">°</span></b>F. This resulted in another melting event and
another ice forming event as temperatures in the day melted snow and nighttime
temperatures refroze any remaining water.
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<!--StartFragment-->Some superintendents that were clearing snow from
putting greens throughout the winter may have been successful at removing any
ice that existed or formed during these melts.
However, depending on available labor and equipment many superintendents
are not able to constantly remove snow during the winter so ice formation is
inevitable.<!--EndFragment--> Since the melting ended on Jan. 13-14 the temperatures have been well
below the point where any further melting would occur. Not every green at the HTRC is covered in ice
but at least one poorly draining Poa annua putting green is now covered in a
1-2 inch ice sheet. I believe this ice
sheet initially formed during the Dec. 28-29 melt so as of today (Jan. 29) the
Poa has been under ice for 31 days. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEja4GJSLNPHv_ISe8z5PIKyxzKP3T85sfg1O_PS99FJ8xkco7eJoXZ2XYjlNNi1bI-faxLm3VQRtdLP7dNEkkW_kWzfEXuZBn5dNRz8gcz1TBfYaB5FQ-WYaWkJPPFaBDwjh2TeL-IxWl8/s1600/Ice+2+inch.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEja4GJSLNPHv_ISe8z5PIKyxzKP3T85sfg1O_PS99FJ8xkco7eJoXZ2XYjlNNi1bI-faxLm3VQRtdLP7dNEkkW_kWzfEXuZBn5dNRz8gcz1TBfYaB5FQ-WYaWkJPPFaBDwjh2TeL-IxWl8/s1600/Ice+2+inch.jpg" height="240" width="320" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Two inch ice sheet on Poa annua green at HTRC.</span></td></tr>
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Ice Sheets</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In Michigan especially for Poa annua greens, crown hydration and
subsequent refreezing are often the primary culprits of winterkill. However, this year ice sheets are a cause
for concern. In the 1960’s James B Beard
conducted research at MSU on survival of creeping bentgrass and Poa annua under
ice sheets. Creeping bentgrass survived
120 days of ice cover without significant injury while annual bluegrass<i> </i>was killed somewhere between 75 and 90
days of ice cover. More recently Darrell Tompkins conducted research at the Prairie Turfgrass Research Center in Canada that suggested Poa
annua greens could be damaged in as few as 45 days under ice. The primary cause of death to turfgrass under
ice sheets is most likely from toxic gas accumulation under the ice sheet from
soil and turfgrass respiration. The day estimates for turf survival are just that, estimates, use them as a guide but know that they are not absolutes.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Remove
Ice?<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Whether or not to attempt ice removal is a
difficult decision for golf course superintendents. The decision to remove ice can be based on
several factors including: turf sampling, duration of ice cover, current and
future temperatures, ability to remove water following melting from the green,
and labor.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">1. Sampling – Bob Vavrek from the USGA
recently posted a great YouTube video http://tinyurl.com/k9mbfjc on how to sample
greens under ice to assess survival. An
important point that Bob makes is that there is variability in sampling and
just because your sample comes out alive doesn’t mean all areas on the green
will survive – same can be said if your sample is dead. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">2. Duration of ice cover – as discussed in
the previous section, estimates of days of ice cover causing death vary from
45-90 for Poa annua and 120 days for creeping bentgrass. At this point I’m less concerned for creeping
bentgrass surfaces as I’d expect significant melting before we reach a 120 day
threshold as this would be well into April.
Poa annua is less certain as at the HTRC we will approach 45 days under
ice cover by mid-February. Check your
calendar and start counting. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><o:p> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjc3g5l9RIbFrMKlwVcJyhyOnouAL6eh4pGQGDG1Vugy4AZnmrzrhAD9B6mU1DVLiORX41gd03vfzoZr0O7iWsO1u07j9Stjd2yXT1PsUGRNjrYjfMNMNIap54V3bnzlPu3Ke4jTDDbEV8/s1600/HTRC+Ice+Sheet.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjc3g5l9RIbFrMKlwVcJyhyOnouAL6eh4pGQGDG1Vugy4AZnmrzrhAD9B6mU1DVLiORX41gd03vfzoZr0O7iWsO1u07j9Stjd2yXT1PsUGRNjrYjfMNMNIap54V3bnzlPu3Ke4jTDDbEV8/s1600/HTRC+Ice+Sheet.jpg" height="240" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Ice sheet at HTRC, 31 days and counting.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">3. Temperatures – our 10 day forecast does
not look good for trying to remove ice as day time high temperatures are
forecast in the teens to low 20's with nighttime lows in the single digits.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Part of the concern with removing ice is
exposing the turf to cold air temperatures after being insulated with snow and
ice since mid-December.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In the past, some
superintendents have removed ice and then recovered the greens with snow to
provide insulation against cold temperatures.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">4. Physical ice removal – physical ice
removal includes practices to fracture the ice with impact (hammers, chisels,
aerifiers, slicers) and then remove the fractured ice sheet with shovels,
tractors, or skid steers. I recommend
avoiding direct impact with tools such as hammers to less impact concentrated
equipment such as slicers and aerifiers.
There’s always some risk associated with impact related ice removal but
the alternative of leaving ice in place and rolling the dice on survival is
also risky. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><o:p> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVSgI2Db59RIb1FQEm545TqqZZ62PZQHJCIAXXaMZ0BVF44NFPuXHGEzUZbUHFZ5hqtnB4WbR93lR5vFEcDu30LvAISKeCUr5w_RE0KiA_Q-kNMIXRsSeK4NoVWAjEcTE2yu_7Ot2jznM/s1600/sledge5.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVSgI2Db59RIb1FQEm545TqqZZ62PZQHJCIAXXaMZ0BVF44NFPuXHGEzUZbUHFZ5hqtnB4WbR93lR5vFEcDu30LvAISKeCUr5w_RE0KiA_Q-kNMIXRsSeK4NoVWAjEcTE2yu_7Ot2jznM/s1600/sledge5.jpg" height="240" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Damage from a hammer used to crack ice.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">5. Melting ice – there are many different
products that have been used to melt ice including black sand, dark colored
natural organic fertilizers, and synthetic fertilizers.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The key to any melting strategy is to be able
to remove the water from the green following melting so it doesn’t refreeze and
form another ice sheet. We will be testing products to melt ice at the HTRC in cooperation with researchers from the Univ. of Minnesota in the coming weeks. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">6. Labor – if you’re going to remove ice you
need help. Ice removal is not a 1-person
job. If your golf course has 18 greens covered in ice even with several
employees this is not a one day job. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">No Guarantees<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Unfortunately there are no guarantees with
respect to winterkill and whether or not ice is removed. The days under ice cover for survival are
estimates from research and conditions from course to course and even within
the same course vary thereby effecting how long turf can survive under
ice. It’s already been a long hard
winter and let’s all hope our turf survives so it’s not a long hard spring
reestablishing grass. </span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17379505433049657627noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4243965030094089793.post-58157868975670765522013-11-19T08:57:00.000-05:002013-11-19T08:57:17.007-05:00Grub Treatments with Nicotinoid Insecticides may Affect Bees<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Dr. Dave
Smitley<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Department
of Entomology</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Michigan
State University</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">There
is a growing concern among entomologists and other agricultural scientists
about the undesirable impacts of imidacloprid and other nicotinoid insecticides
on the health of honey bee colonies, and native bees.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Nicotinoid insecticides are widely used on agricultural
crops to control destructive insects.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>They are also used on golf courses and home lawns to control white grubs
and other turfgrass pests.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A recent
study conducted in Kentucky by Dr. Dan Potter provides some useful information
for how to avoid negative effects on bees that forage in treated lawns (</span><a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0066375"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0066375</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The results of this study can be summarized
as follows:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1.
Turf without any flowering weeds is not likely to be harmful to bees even
immediately after a nicotinoid insecticide application because it is unlikely
that bees will be present on the turfgrass.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Avoiding spray drift to surrounding flowering plants is advised.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">2.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Applications of clothianidin (a nicotinoid insecticide
used extensively on turfgrass) to turfgrass with clover in flower was harmful
to bumble bee colonies foraging on the clover.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>However, if the lawn was mowed just before or immediately after
clothianidin was sprayed, so that there were no sprayed flowers present, there
was no harmful effect on the bumble bee colonies.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Also, no harmful systemic effect was observed
when the clover began to bloom again after clothianidin was applied, as long as
the new flowers were not present when the lawn was sprayed.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In the discussion of these results Dr. Potter
notes that more research is needed to address the long-term effects on bees
throughout the growing season after the uptake and translocation of nicotinoid
insecticides by clover and other flowering weeds.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJtCMxJ5CNZnELXXtKQ9k3-jlwH3kfOox1YmUoZtyaQS3R-5cxoht-DTdd6bxB_Bn9GPoBr8ZMfeGVOjO3RrcJWp-Vt7_9J_iZsyXfNK2w0FJ-QXP5altX8qRfDFFCeBq7-vsaonnSypI/s1600/W+Clover.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJtCMxJ5CNZnELXXtKQ9k3-jlwH3kfOox1YmUoZtyaQS3R-5cxoht-DTdd6bxB_Bn9GPoBr8ZMfeGVOjO3RrcJWp-Vt7_9J_iZsyXfNK2w0FJ-QXP5altX8qRfDFFCeBq7-vsaonnSypI/s320/W+Clover.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">White clover flowering in a low maintenance turf.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3.
Chlorantraniliprole, a new turf insecticide with a different mode of action,
did not have any harmful effects on the bumble bee colonies under any
conditions.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Considering recent research on the impact of imidacloprid on
honey bees, and the results of the recent study summarized above, I recommend
that if a lawn with weeds in flower needs to be treated for grubs, that the
homeowner or lawn care professional mow the lawn immediately before spraying a
nicotinoid insecticide, so that flowers are not present in the lawn at the time
of application.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Please note this is
approach is also in compliance with the</span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;">
precautionary statements on the pesticide labels which specify not to apply
clothianidin, or other neonicotinoids, to blooming nectar-producing plants if
bees are visiting the treatment area.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">An
alternative may be to use chlorantraniliprole which did not appear to be as
harmful to bees in the Kentucky study.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Also, homeowners and lawn care professionals should follow three simple
steps of MSU Smart Gardening to grow turf with a dense root system that is
tolerant of grubs, so that no insecticide is needed: </span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1.
Mow lawns at the highest cutting-height setting on your lawn mower<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">2.
Use at least 2 lbs N per 1000 square feet per year <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3.
Water lawns during dry periods <o:p></o:p></span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17379505433049657627noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4243965030094089793.post-74044664845231867132013-11-08T13:08:00.001-05:002013-11-08T13:08:21.768-05:00Michigan Fertilizer Act Changes<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Kevin W. Frank, Ph.D.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Michigan State University</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">On Jan. 1, 2012 phosphorus fertilizer applications to turfgrass in the state of Michigan were regulated according to Act 451 of 1994, Part 85 Fertilizers. Basically the amendments to the fertilizer act restricted phosphorus fertilizer applications to turfgrass unless a soil test indicated need or for new establishment. However, there were provisions that phosphorus fertilizer could be applied at 0.25 lbs. P/1000 sq. ft. if the source was a 'finished sewage sludge, organic manure, or a manipulated manure'. This provision resulted in many questions and some confusion about which natural fertilizers fell within this category. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">On Tuesday, Nov. 5 Governor Snyder signed Public Act 151. This Act made revisions to Act 451 and in particular to phosphorus applications to turfgrass. The key addition was that the term 'natural fertilizer' was introduced into the language. Natural fertilizer is defined as a substance composed only of natural organic, natural inorganic, or both types of fertilizer materials and natural fillers<span style="font-size: 12px;">. </span>Public Act 151 has immediate effect, meaning today a person may apply biosolids, a natural fertilizer, or a manipulated manure to turf at a rate of not more than
0.25 lbs. P/1000 sq. ft./application. The addition of the term natural fertilizer certainly expands the number of fertilizers containing phosphorus fertilizer that can be applied. The key for the turf manager is understanding that the rate restriction of 0.25 lbs. P/1000 sq. ft./application is still in effect for these fertilizers so correct product calculations, calibration and application is critical to ensure applications don't exceed the 0.25 lb. P rate. </span><br />
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17379505433049657627noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4243965030094089793.post-79071731905469861172013-09-19T09:38:00.001-04:002013-09-19T09:38:36.284-04:00Fall Broadleaf Weed ControlDr. Kevin W. Frank<br />
Assoc. Professor & Extension Turf Specialist<br />
<br />
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The summer of 2013 was one of the best in recent memory for
growing turf and unfortunately also one of the best for growing broadleaf
weeds. The turf thrived with favorable
temperatures and timely precipitation throughout much of the summer and so did
broadleaf weeds. Summer herbicide
applications likely burned down the top-growth of many perennial broadleaf
weeds but recently weeds such as white clover, dandelion, ground ivy, and black
medic have magically reappeared. </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9gMMhlyQcYnR23FDw8UJMZbf3pCg55l5OSAiV4SvXp4CxcmJR15d9yxcjFagCxvds7WovNWk6KL48_5pkNxdwKXCwlmc89dPFET0kbYk8TA8DjdBey_wdmi8SClLm5AWwHjl3JK23kh8/s1600/White+clover.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9gMMhlyQcYnR23FDw8UJMZbf3pCg55l5OSAiV4SvXp4CxcmJR15d9yxcjFagCxvds7WovNWk6KL48_5pkNxdwKXCwlmc89dPFET0kbYk8TA8DjdBey_wdmi8SClLm5AWwHjl3JK23kh8/s320/White+clover.jpg" width="239" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">White clover in turf.</td></tr>
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The
challenge with the summer herbicide applications is that they are very
effective at burning down top-growth but in some cases they are not effective
at killing the entire plant. In
contrast, fall is the ideal time to control weeds because unlike the summer
when weeds are focusing on top-growth, in the fall weeds are storing energy in
their root system and are more susceptible to herbicide applications. So if your turf has been overtaken by a bevy
of broadleaf weeds, applying a herbicide in late September or early October
will make a difference in what you battle next year. Apply the herbicides on a sunny day when rain
is not in the forecast for 24 hours. We
want the herbicides to dry on the leaf surfaces and not be immediately washed
off. There are many different herbicides
that could be used including the most common three-way broadleaf weed control
mixtures. As with any pesticide
application always make sure to wear the appropriate safety attire and follow
all label recommendations. As many have
lamented over the years, the only shortcoming of fall broadleaf weed control is
that you really don’t get to watch them die.
You generally won’t see the twisting, shriveling, and discoloration that
often accompany herbicide applications but next spring the weeds will be gone
or at least their numbers will be significantly reduced.</div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">With fall herbicide applications we often miss the site of weeds dying.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<br /></div>
<o:p></o:p><br />
<!--EndFragment-->Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17379505433049657627noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4243965030094089793.post-26382023584979556522013-09-06T11:05:00.001-04:002013-09-06T11:05:28.154-04:00Nematodes in Michigan?Fred Warner<br />
Nematologist<br />
MSU Diagnostic Services<br />
<br />
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I once read a statement that some golf courses/country clubs
spend up to $50,000 per year on fungicides. Obviously that figure implies there
are some serious diseases of turf caused by fungi. But, what about nematodes?
They too can cause serious problems but are often ignored. I’m often fond of
saying, “Ignoring a problem won’t make it go away.” Nematodes are probably the
cause of some symptoms observed on turf and are going undiagnosed. I base this
assessment on the fact that until the past two or three years we typically received
fewer than a dozen commercial turf samples per year in Diagnostic Services for
nematode analyses. Things have changed as I think some superintendents now have
me on speed dial.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Over the past few years, nematode problems appear to have
become more prevalent on golf course greens in our region. The cause for this
phenomenon is unknown but if I am to think out loud, I wonder if it has to do
with a movement away from traditional insecticides used to control cutworms and
other insects in turf to materials of different chemistries. Nematologists have
observed this in corn as many growers have stopped using traditional
insecticides for corn rootworm control in lieu of genetically modified, stacked,
seed-treated corn hybrids. The organophosphates and carbamates used in the past
probably helped to keep nematode numbers in check but with their discontinued
use, nematode populations have had the opportunity to increase in densities.
Could this be occurring in turf? Roughly 75% of all golf course samples
processed in Diagnostic Services this year have contained high to severe
numbers of plant-parasitic nematodes. At these levels, infected turf will
exhibit symptoms that many superintendents say mimic those caused by summer
patch. And if summer patch is suspected, my guess is nematode control is not
objective number one. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhozlrjmVPwEXLTJniNX2WpSvrpz8ifKCZNrjTddPtLknvPGr6U6pWTxixwWZujeLNKF9kVqo-JswDahnXt8R_dD-zQHozwD5KP_epkH40T_-IIf3sqE4uv5UqoDwT7LeRffDZKIyyOmNo/s1600/Nem1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhozlrjmVPwEXLTJniNX2WpSvrpz8ifKCZNrjTddPtLknvPGr6U6pWTxixwWZujeLNKF9kVqo-JswDahnXt8R_dD-zQHozwD5KP_epkH40T_-IIf3sqE4uv5UqoDwT7LeRffDZKIyyOmNo/s320/Nem1.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Nematode feeding damage on a fairway in Michigan.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Cool-season turfgrass species are hosts to at least 10
genera of plant-parasitic nematodes. Typically, samples collected from greens
and tees on golf courses contain at least three genera. In general, it appears,
our turfgrasses tolerate nematode feeding fairly well. However, there have been
situations in Michigan and our neighboring states where nematode feeding has
resulted in serious symptoms. I’ve visited some greens where the turf has been
thinned so severely that only sand exists especially after top dressing. One
thing to keep in mind about the impact of nematodes is their feeding does not
result in the production of any characteristic above-ground (secondary) symptoms.
In controlled studies at MSU, the only quantitative effects nematodes had on
the above-ground growth of creeping bentgrass were reductions in the numbers of
tillers and leaves produced. The distribution of symptoms often gives a clue as
to whether nematodes are involved. Nematodes tend to be aggregated in their
distributions (especially cyst and root-knot nematodes), so the symptoms appear
as patches. However, other soil-borne plant pathogens, especially fungi, can and
often do have similar distributions.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The only way to properly diagnose nematode problems is to
collect soil and plant tissue samples and send them to a nematode lab for
analyses. To avoid problems, this should be done preferably in the spring.
Roots of cool-season turf grasses grow most vigorously when soil temperatures
are cool and due to this phenomenon, nematode numbers tend to rise as more
feeding sites are available. To avoid problems, control tactics must be
implemented at action threshold levels before nematodes reach damage thresholds.
This is an important principle of pest control but is better understood for
insects than nematodes. The key strategy is to keep population densities of pathogens
and pests below levels where they are expected to cause damage.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
One significant issue when learning of a plant-parasitic
nematode problem in turf is the lack of chemical control options. Nemacur was
an effective nematicide for use on creeping bentgrass greens but is no longer
available. Other products exist but have not been evaluated in Michigan. Any
organophosphates or carbamates should provide some control of nematodes but
those marketed as insecticides will not be extremely effective. For example, nematode
populations have been shown to rebound very quickly on greens where
chlorpyrifos had been applied.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Typically, nematode control is not necessary on new greens
and tees because sand mixes are used for their establishment and these
materials should ideally be free (or nearly so) from nematodes. But, this is
not always the case as some superintendents have experienced severe symptoms
due to nematode feeding on newly established greens from contaminated sources.
Usually, however, nematode numbers increase over time as they migrate from
aprons, collars and fairways, from deeper in the soil or are transported on
plugs from core cultivators. New greens
and tees should be sampled for nematodes roughly five years after
establishment. Plant-parasitic nematodes are much easier to manage, or to alleviate
symptoms of their feeding, if control tactics are implemented when their
numbers are low. Early detection is important, remedies are limited.<o:p></o:p></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlWyZfFaeIK3OX7kOup2IleGhs2xhNEj0ux_M9Drr7ndUsmcXcznwdf141dSvB22iZv5PyDrGAMgrqE-xLWDnymF0JdiQiI5n4W-kVeq_6Q3J1AQY2ZzQ92tGnUL_8fIE18wxMWssLKzs/s1600/Nem3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlWyZfFaeIK3OX7kOup2IleGhs2xhNEj0ux_M9Drr7ndUsmcXcznwdf141dSvB22iZv5PyDrGAMgrqE-xLWDnymF0JdiQiI5n4W-kVeq_6Q3J1AQY2ZzQ92tGnUL_8fIE18wxMWssLKzs/s320/Nem3.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Nematode damage on a fairway.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt;">If you suspect you have a nematode problem, in
addition to collecting a sample for a nematode analysis, I also suggest you also
collect soil and grass clippings for nutritional analyses. Because chemical
control options are limited, cultural controls are the first tactics to
consider. If nematodes are recovered at levels below damage thresholds, then
the evidence indicates they are not the causal organisms if symptoms are
present. However, if high population densities are recovered, action should be
taken to reduce their population densities or alleviate the symptoms they
cause. What approach to take? Well, the soil and tissue samples will help to
determine the course of action. If the soil and tissue results indicate less
than adequate levels of nutrients, especially potassium, obviously an
additional fertilizer application(s) is necessary. However, if the soil results
indicate nutrients are above critical levels but tissue tests suggest
otherwise, these results indicate root dysfunction. The nutrients are available
in the soil based on the test result(s) but the roots are not capturing them,
therefore the plants are growing poorly. What pathogens reduce root volumes and
weights? Nematodes. Additional steps now need to be taken to improve plant
health and this may involve reducing the population densities of
plant-parasitic nematodes. However, proper fertilization, using synthetic or
non-synthetic fertilizers, using a different watering program and aeration
should go a long </span>way toward alleviating the symptoms caused by nematode
feeding. If nematodes are present, the most important concern is the health of
the turf roots. Reducing nematode numbers may not be necessary. Implement any
cultural tactics that improve root health. After all, is the owner or member of
a country club going to be more interested in the numbers of plant-parasitic
nematodes in the soil or that the greens appear healthy and look good? </div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
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<o:p></o:p></div>
<!--EndFragment-->Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17379505433049657627noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4243965030094089793.post-70437738045186540432013-09-05T10:46:00.000-04:002013-09-05T10:46:29.971-04:005 Tips for Seeding LawnsDr. Kevin W. Frank<div>
Assoc. Professor & Extension Turf Specialist</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
September is the ideal time for seeding turf in
Michigan. Reduced weed competition from summer
annuals such as crabgrass, cooler temperatures, and shorter day length that results
in less time for soil drying all facilitate turf establishment. In many cases home lawns don’t need complete
reestablishment but only reseeding of small areas or interseeding into a thin
lawn to increase density. The following
are 5 tips for fall seeding success. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>1. Is Seeding
Necessary?<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The first question to answer is if seeding is even
necessary. If the turf is thin or there
are small patches of dead grass about the size of baseballs, a fertilizer
application and cool temperatures should help the existing turfgrass to recover
and spread into the bare spots. If the bare
areas are the size of soccer balls or larger, or if the area only has sporadic green
patches of turf, then interseeding is necessary to restore the area to turf. Another consideration is to assess weed
pressure. If the turf is covered in
crabgrass it’s going to be difficult to have new seedlings compete with
crabgrass. If weed competition is severe
make sure to kill the weeds before seeding. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3PQRwfJnT5JVqDltCwBxPWAaLMG-6ZA_6W9JTgvZwSyDAXD01W0ZVv3V9RUhI_KmGUsXbdasYq9Pij0swThCwOhEbmBhFrt3CreuKWMHOMKFSav1Y3w_I_D_J30j7QxHyfyHm6yPGGtE/s1600/Thin+Lawn.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3PQRwfJnT5JVqDltCwBxPWAaLMG-6ZA_6W9JTgvZwSyDAXD01W0ZVv3V9RUhI_KmGUsXbdasYq9Pij0swThCwOhEbmBhFrt3CreuKWMHOMKFSav1Y3w_I_D_J30j7QxHyfyHm6yPGGtE/s320/Thin+Lawn.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">This lawn would benefit from interseeding into the existing stand.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>2. Seed to Soil
Contact<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
A successful seeding starts with good seed to soil
contact. Broadcasting seed onto an area
without incorporating the seed into holes, slits, or covering with soil will feed
birds but not be effective for growing new turfgrass. Equipment such as core aerifiers, power rakes,
slit seeders, or even hand raking small areas will get the job done. For established areas that may just need an interseeding
to improve density, core aerification is a viable option. It’ll also give you the benefit of improving
soil aeration that is critical for many sites that have compacted soils or high
clay content soils. The best method for
incorporating seed is to use a slit seeder. Slit seeders create a slice in the soil that
the seed falls directly into and ensures good seed to soil contact. To improve establishment and turf spread,
slit seed in at least two directions perpendicular to each other. Many lawn care companies offer this service or
if you’re a do it yourselfer core aerators and slit seeders might be available
at a local rental store.<o:p></o:p></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpw4z1_xrmcar6CQOC1GvWaLddGzgs4Jai6a0ny5GHoPIK0K60ATTH_ULVOO0sOvtj87M3Y-22SRemv4TqIismsiIHh7RCyvKmgTFoMpXgtCEprQSxrqB1H3fz_4f95UmtJebNb5RBWB4/s1600/CoreAerifier.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpw4z1_xrmcar6CQOC1GvWaLddGzgs4Jai6a0ny5GHoPIK0K60ATTH_ULVOO0sOvtj87M3Y-22SRemv4TqIismsiIHh7RCyvKmgTFoMpXgtCEprQSxrqB1H3fz_4f95UmtJebNb5RBWB4/s320/CoreAerifier.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Core aeration followed by seeding can be effective.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>3. Species and Rates<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Making sure you have the correct species and cultivar,
especially if you are interseeding an existing lawn, is a critical step to
ensure satisfaction. One common
frustration some homeowners have after interseeding is that the newly seeded
turf has a different color/appearance than the existing turf stand. To avoid this problem do your homework to try
and find out the turfgrass species that was originally established. In most areas of Michigan if you’re not sure
of the turfgrass species on the lawn, odds are its Kentucky bluegrass so select
Kentucky bluegrass cultivars to reseed the turf. If however you are completely renovating an
area and are looking for something a little different that might be able to
withstand dry conditions better, consider tall fescue. Look for key words on the seed bag such as
Turf type, Improved, or Dwarf when selecting tall fescue cultivars. I would avoid the standard Kentucky 31 (K-31)
tall fescue for use in home lawns due to its wide leaf blade. Turf type tall
fescue is now being mixed with Kentucky bluegrass and is more widely available
to consumers than it was just a few years ago.
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Follow the recommended seeding rates on the bag and avoid
the temptation to seed at higher rates.
Higher rates do not result in shorter time to establishment. High rates can result in increased
competition among the turfgrass seedlings and a weaker turf stand. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<b>4. Mulch, Fertilizer, and Irrigation<o:p></o:p></b><br />
<b><br /></b>
One of the advantages of interseeding into an existing stand is that the
existing turf acts like a mulch cover to help retain soil moisture. At seeding, apply a starter fertilizer at a
rate of 1 lb. N/1000 sq. ft. to help the seedlings establish. A starter fertilizer is a fertilizer with a
N:P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> ratio similar to 1:1 or 1:1.5. Under the Michigan phosphorus restriction that is in place, starter fertilizer is still allowed for turfgrass
establishment. The maximum amount of
phosphorus that can be applied in a single application is 1.5 lbs. P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>/1000
ft.<sup>2</sup> with a yearly maximum of 2.5 lbs. P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>/1000
ft.<sup>2</sup>. If you have the time to
take a soil test, follow the soil test recommendations for establishment. Homeowners can purchase a soil testing kit
from the MSUE bookstore (<a href="http://www.bookstore.msue.msu.edu/product/soil-test-kit-selfmailer-1116.cfm">http://www.bookstore.msue.msu.edu/product/soil-test-kit-selfmailer-1116.cfm</a>). More information on soil testing can be found
at <a href="http://www.msusoiltest.com/">www.msusoiltest.com</a>. <o:p></o:p><br />
Make sure to keep the seeded area moist throughout establishment. This may require watering several times a day.
Water lightly when irrigating, there is
no need to see water puddling or running off the site. <o:p></o:p><br />
<br />
<b>5. Mowing<o:p></o:p></b><br />
<br />
Finally, don’t be afraid to mow the new turf. Don’t wait until the turf is so tall it’s
falling over. If you interseeded into an
existing thin lawn then keep on your normal mowing schedule. Mowing turf helps it spread laterally and
fill the area. <o:p></o:p><br />
<!--EndFragment--></div>
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